{"id":447630,"date":"2017-03-26T21:23:27","date_gmt":"2017-03-26T20:23:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=447630\/"},"modified":"2019-07-28T19:33:51","modified_gmt":"2019-07-28T18:33:51","slug":"interdiction-armes-nucleaires-traite-de-tlatelolco-fete-50eme-anniversaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2017\/03\/interdiction-armes-nucleaires-traite-de-tlatelolco-fete-50eme-anniversaire\/","title":{"rendered":"[Interdiction des armes nucl\u00e9aires] Le trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco f\u00eate son 50\u00e8me anniversaire"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alors que la premi\u00e8re session des\u00a0n\u00e9gociations d\u2019un trait\u00e9 d\u2019interdiction des armes nucl\u00e9aires se tiendra au si\u00e8ge des\u00a0Nations unies \u00e0 New-York du 27 au 31 mars, retour sur le trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco avec lequel est n\u00e9e la premi\u00e8re zone exempte d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires dans une r\u00e9gion dens\u00e9ment peupl\u00e9e (l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et les Cara\u00efbes) et qui a f\u00eat\u00e9 ses 50 ans le mois dernier. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Peu apr\u00e8s la crise des missiles cubains en octobre 1962, les efforts diplomatiques pour lib\u00e9rer l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et les Cara\u00efbes de la menace des armes nucl\u00e9aires commenc\u00e8rent. C\u2019est le 14 f\u00e9vrier 1967 que sera finalement sign\u00e9 le \u00ab\u202fTrait\u00e9 visant \u00e0 l\u2019interdiction des armes nucl\u00e9aires en Am\u00e9rique latine\u202f\u00bb, souvent appel\u00e9 trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco, du nom azt\u00e8que du quartier de Mexico o\u00f9 se tenaient les n\u00e9gociations. Pour son r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans cet accord, le diplomate mexicain Alfonso Garc\u00eda Robles recevra le prix Nobel de la Paix en 1982<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cet accord r\u00e9gional, sign\u00e9 et ratifi\u00e9 par l\u2019int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 des trente-trois \u00c9tats d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et des Cara\u00efbes interdit les essais, l\u2019utilisation, la fabrication, la production, l\u2019acquisition ou le stationnement de toute arme nucl\u00e9aire \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la zone couverte par le trait\u00e9<\/a>, qualifi\u00e9e depuis de zone exempte d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires (ZEAN).<\/p>\n

Le trait\u00e9 assure en outre la d\u00e9nucl\u00e9arisation militaire des territoires sous le contr\u00f4le d\u2019autres \u00c9tats (la Guyane fran\u00e7aise par exemple) et offre des garanties de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 n\u00e9gatives, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire l\u2019engagement de la part des \u00c9tats dot\u00e9s d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires qu\u2019ils ne feront pas usage ou ne menaceront pas de faire usage de ces armes contre les \u00c9tats de la zone.<\/p>\n

Enfin, le trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco l\u00e8ve une ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 du Trait\u00e9 sur la non-prolif\u00e9ration des armes nucl\u00e9aires (TNP) en interdisant non seulement le transfert des armes nucl\u00e9aires mais \u00e9galement leur stationnement sur le territoire des \u00c9tats parties, ce que ne fait pas le TNP. C\u2019est cette impr\u00e9cision qui permet aujourd\u2019hui aux \u00c9tats-Unis de conserver des armes nucl\u00e9aires dans un certain nombre de pays d\u2019Europe.<\/p>\n

Il y a maintenant cinq zones exemptes d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires dans le monde. Outre l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine, les \u00c9tats du Pacifique sud<\/a>, d\u2019Asie du sud-est<\/a>, d\u2019Afrique<\/a> et d\u2019Asie centrale<\/a> ont conclu des accords similaires. La Mongolie s\u2019est auto-d\u00e9clar\u00e9e zone exempte, et a \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnue comme telle<\/a> par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies. Il existe \u00e9galement des trait\u00e9s couvrant l\u2019Antarctique<\/a>, l\u2019espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique<\/a>, la Lune<\/a> et les fonds marins<\/a>. L\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies reconna\u00eet d\u2019ailleurs, dans une r\u00e9solution du 11 d\u00e9cembre 1975<\/a>, que \u00ab\u202fles zones exemptes d\u2019armes nucl\u00e9aires constituent l\u2019un des moyens les plus efficaces d\u2019emp\u00eacher la prolif\u00e9ration tant horizontale que verticale des armes nucl\u00e9aires et de contribuer \u00e0 \u00e9liminer le danger d\u2019une catastrophe nucl\u00e9aire\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Dans leur d\u00e9claration<\/a> pour le cinquanti\u00e8me anniversaire de la conclusion du trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco, les \u00c9tats membres condamnent s\u00e9v\u00e8rement \u00ab\u202fla modernisation des armes nucl\u00e9aires existantes et le d\u00e9veloppement de nouvelles armes\u202f\u00bb incompatibles avec les engagements pris par les \u00c9tats dot\u00e9s dans le cadre du TNP, et rappellent que la seule initiative actuelle ayant le potentiel de faire avancer le d\u00e9sarmement nucl\u00e9aire est la conf\u00e9rence de n\u00e9gociation d\u2019un trait\u00e9 d\u2019interdiction<\/a> qui se tiendra au si\u00e8ge de l\u2019ONU \u00e0 New York \u00e0 partir de mars 2017. La France serait bien avis\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9couter ces \u00c9tats pionniers qui ont compris il y a cinquante ans que \u00ab\u202fla seule garantie efficace contre l\u2019emploi ou la menace de l\u2019emploi des armes nucl\u00e9aires est leur interdiction et leur \u00e9limination\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alors que la premi\u00e8re session des\u00a0n\u00e9gociations d\u2019un trait\u00e9 d\u2019interdiction des armes nucl\u00e9aires se tiendra au si\u00e8ge des\u00a0Nations unies \u00e0 New-York du 27 au 31 mars, retour sur le trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco avec lequel est n\u00e9e la premi\u00e8re zone exempte d\u2019armes…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1000,"featured_media":447687,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88,86,40,1250],"tags":[6674,46791],"class_list":["post-447630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amerique-centrale","category-amerique-du-sud","category-international-fr","category-paix-desarmement","tag-traite-de-tlatelolco","tag-traite-sur-linterdiction-des-armes-nucleaires"],"yoast_head":"\n[Interdiction des armes nucl\u00e9aires] Le trait\u00e9 de Tlatelolco f\u00eate son 50\u00e8me anniversaire<\/title>\n<meta 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