{"id":424962,"date":"2017-01-27T22:49:11","date_gmt":"2017-01-27T22:49:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=424962\/"},"modified":"2017-01-29T08:14:25","modified_gmt":"2017-01-29T08:14:25","slug":"lettre-demander-lajout-terme-nonviolence-vocabulaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2017\/01\/lettre-demander-lajout-terme-nonviolence-vocabulaire\/","title":{"rendered":"Lettre pour demander l\u2019ajout du terme \u00ab nonviolence \u00bb au vocabulaire"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la Journ\u00e9e internationale de la nonviolence, une lettre cosign\u00e9e par un groupe de chercheurs et de d\u00e9fenseurs de la nonviolence a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e. La voici dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Au comit\u00e9 scientifique de l\u2019Institut de l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die italienne<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Au comit\u00e9 scientifique de l\u2019Accademia della Crusca<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Le terme \u00ab\u00a0nonviolence\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>En consultant en ligne l\u2019Encyclop\u00e9die Treccani, nous avons constat\u00e9 l\u2019absence du terme \u00ab\u00a0nonviolence\u00a0\u00bb dans votre dictionnaire encyclop\u00e9dique ainsi que dans votre vocabulaire de la langue italienne. Toutefois, une recherche plus approfondie a permis de trouver une entr\u00e9e non correctement orthographi\u00e9e dans l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die en ligne (les mots \u00ab\u00a0non\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0violence\u00a0\u00bb n\u2019\u00e9tant pas soud\u00e9s)\u00a0: <\/span>http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/non-violenza\/<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Or, \u00e0 la suite de cette v\u00e9rification, nous nous sommes rendu compte que le terme, \u00e9crit en deux mots, ne figure pas dans d\u2019autres encyclop\u00e9dies italiennes dignes de mention ou n\u2019est que tr\u00e8s bri\u00e8vement d\u00e9crit, exceptions faites, \u00e0 notre connaissance, du Dizionario di Politica<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>de Norberto\u00a0Bobbio, Nicola Matteucci et Gianfranco Pasquino (maison d\u2019\u00e9dition Utet de Turin, 1976), de l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die libre Wikipedia qui pr\u00e9sente un article important sur le sujet malgr\u00e9 quelques erreurs (<\/span>https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonviolenza<\/a><\/span>) et Humanipedia, l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die humaniste (<\/span>http:\/\/it.humanipedia.org\/index.php\/Nonviolenza<\/span><\/a><\/span>) qui promeut la nonviolence.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Nous tenons \u00e0 souligner le fait que l\u2019emploi du terme \u00ab\u00a0nonviolence\u00a0\u00bb en un seul mot est r\u00e9pandu dans la litt\u00e9rature contemporaine, dans le langage journalistique ainsi que dans les milieux politiques et sociaux qui font r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux id\u00e9aux de nonviolence. Ce fait souligne le caract\u00e8re positif de la nonviolence qui en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ne se traduit pas par un simple refus de la violence, mais propose la recherche d\u2019une solution novatrice, que ce soit par une m\u00e9thode d\u2019action ou par le mode de vie. Cette proposition peut \u00eatre retrouv\u00e9e en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral dans la litt\u00e9rature italienne. Elle figure depuis longtemps dans la litt\u00e9rature du Mouvement nonviolent, notamment dans les \u00e9crits de son fondateur, Aldo Capitini, professeur de p\u00e9dagogie \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Cagliare, puis \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de P\u00e9rouse. Ce dernier a \u00e9crit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Ces derniers temps, on a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9crire \u201cnon<\/em>violence<\/em>\u201d\u00a0<\/span>en un seul mot, att\u00e9nuant ainsi la port\u00e9e n\u00e9gative du mot \u201cviolence\u201d s\u00e9par\u00e9 du mot \u201cnon\u201d ; ceci amenait certaines personnes \u00e0 se poser la question suivante\u00a0: \u201cd\u2019accord, il n\u2019y a pas de violence, mais y aurait-il autre chose?\u201d\u00a0\u00bb Si on \u00e9crit le terme en un seul mot, alors la nonviolence peut \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme quelque chose d\u2019organique et donc, ainsi que\u00a0 le verrons, comme quelque chose de positif (Capitini A. Le techniche della nonviolenza. Milano : Feltrinelli ; 1967, p.\u00a09).<\/span><\/p>\n

La diffusion du terme nonviolence<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>s\u2019est impos\u00e9e afin de diff\u00e9rencier la th\u00e9orie de la pratique, car si le terme a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9troitement associ\u00e9 au pacifisme<\/em>,\u00a0<\/i><\/span>il s\u2019en distingue par une caract\u00e9ristique fondamentale\u00a0: la nonviolence n\u2019est pas simplement le refus de la guerre, mais plut\u00f4t une paix positive, constructive.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u00c0 notre avis, la proposition dont nous sommes porteurs va bien au-del\u00e0 d\u2019une exigence de mise \u00e0 jour purement linguistique. En cette p\u00e9riode historique \u00e0 la fois agit\u00e9e et pr\u00e9occupante, nous croyons que le r\u00f4le de la culture et des institutions qui la soutiennent consiste \u00e0 promouvoir avec vigueur de nouvelles solutions qui partent du refus de toute forme de violence (physique, \u00e9conomique, raciale, discriminatoire, psychologique, sexuelle) pour adopter de nouveaux paradigmes \u00e9thiques. Aussi, la justesse de la d\u00e9finition, le d\u00e9veloppement culturel et la diffusion du terme dans tous les milieux, notamment celui de l\u2019enseignement, rev\u00eatent \u00e0 nos yeux une importance primordiale.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019utilisation de ce terme dans la langue italienne, loin d\u2019\u00eatre une affirmation gratuite, est d\u00e9montrable. Entre autres exemples, mentionnons\u00a0:<\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  • La publication ininterrompue depuis 1964 de la revue Azione Nonviolenta<\/i> (\u00ab\u00a0Action nonviolente\u00a0\u00bb) et d\u2019une multitude d\u2019ouvrages publi\u00e9s en langue italienne dans lesquels le terme \u00ab\u00a0non<\/em>violence<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb <\/span>et ses d\u00e9riv\u00e9s\u00a0 figurent (soit dans le corps du texte ou bien dans le titre) ;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • L\u2019utilisation du terme (accept\u00e9 et ins\u00e9r\u00e9 au terme d\u2019une longue discussion parlementaire) dans le texte de loi sur l\u2019objection de conscience \u2014 loi\u00a0no<\/sup>\u00a0230 du 8 juillet 1998\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Les nouvelles normes en mati\u00e8re d\u2019objection de conscience (Journal officiel de l\u2019Italie, no<\/sup>\u00a0163 du 15\u00a0juillet\u00a01998) qui, selon l\u2019alin\u00e9a\u00a0e) de l\u2019article\u00a08, doivent favoriser, en accord avec le D\u00e9partement pour la coordination de la protection civile, la recherche et l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation de la d\u00e9fense civile non arm\u00e9e et nonviolente\u00a0\u00bb;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • Enfin, l\u2019accueil du terme dans le cadre d\u2019un programme d\u2019enseignement officiel d\u2019une universit\u00e9 italienne. Il s\u2019agit du cours Teoria e prassi della nonviolenza <\/em>dans le cadre du dipl\u00f4me de premier cycle en sciences pour la paix, \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Pise. Ce cours a \u00e9t\u00e9 programm\u00e9 chaque ann\u00e9e universitaire de\u00a0 2002\u20112003 \u00e0 2013\u20112014.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \u00a0<\/span>Les soussign\u00e9s, chercheurs, sp\u00e9cialistes et adeptes de la nonviolence en guise de concept, de sentiment et de forme d\u2019action, bien que d\u2019orientations religieuses et politiques diverses, s\u2019accordent pour demander \u00e0 votre prestigieuse institution de bien vouloir consentir \u00e0 un effort de mise \u00e0 jour. Ils sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 compiler et \u00e0 r\u00e9viser \u00e0 titre gracieux les nouvelles versions des lemmes correspondants; en outre, les soussign\u00e9s souhaitent que l\u2019Institut soutienne la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019initiatives scientifiques, en collaboration avec les principales institutions responsables de la diffusion de la langue italienne, en vue de promouvoir l\u2019emploi du terme\u00a0<\/span>nonviolence<\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/span>ainsi que sa diffusion.<\/span><\/div>\n
        \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

        Veuillez agr\u00e9er nos salutations distingu\u00e9es,<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Anna\u00a0Alonzo,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Assistante sociale missionnaire \u00e0 Palerme, conseill\u00e8re nationale du Movimento Internazionale della Riconciliazione<\/i> (MIR)<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Rocco Altieri,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Directeur de la publication Quaderni Satya<\/i>, ex\u2011professeur de la th\u00e9orie et de la pratique de la nonviolence dans le cadre du programme de premier cycle de sciences pour la paix \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Pise<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Angelo\u00a0Baracca,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Essayiste antinucl\u00e9aire et ex\u2011professeur de physique \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Florence<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Elena Bernasconi-Tabellini,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Professeure de communication nonviolente certifi\u00e9e du Centro Internazionale di Comunicazione Nonviolenta (CNV)<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Fr\u00e8re\u00a0Paolo (Marino Boldrini),\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Ordre des Fr\u00e8res mineurs renouvel\u00e9s, missionnaire en Tanzanie, coordinateur de la Commission Justice et Paix du dioc\u00e8se d\u2019Iringa<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Francesca\u00a0Borgia,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Artiste, Messine<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span>Giorgio Buggiani,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>\u00c9ducateur, Punto Pace Pax Christi, Catane<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/span><\/em>Alberto\u00a0Cacopardo,\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Professeur d\u2019anthropologie \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Florence, auteur du blog intitul\u00e9 Politics, Poetry and Peace\u00a0<\/i>(\u00ab\u00a0Politique, po\u00e9sie et paix\u00a0\u00bb)<\/span><\/p>\n

        Gabriella Maria Calderaro,\u00a0<\/em>studiosa del pensiero nonviolento, autrice del libro Sarvodaya: un\u2019economia a servizio di tutti<\/em>. Responsabile delle relazioni internazionali e coordinatrice del progetto UNESCO per il Centro Internazionale Mahatma Gandhi di Monteleone di Puglia (FG)<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Elena Camino,\u00a0<\/em>Centro Sereno Regis, presidente del Gruppo ASSEFA Torino<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Augusto Cavadi,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente della Scuola di formazione etico-politica \u201cG. Falcone\u201d di Palermo<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Patrizia Cellini,\u00a0<\/em>Bibliotecaria presso la BibliotecaNova\u00a0 di Firenze<\/p>\n

        Cristiano Chiesa-Bini,\u00a0<\/em>Ideatore del Premio Nazionale della Nonviolenza<\/p>\n

        Annabella Coiro,\u00a0<\/em>Centro di Nonviolenza Attiva e promotore del Tavolo cittadino di Educazione alla Nonviolenza di Milano<\/p>\n

        Vito Correddu,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente del Centro di Studi Umanisti \u201cSalvatore Puledda\u201d<\/p>\n

        Marinella Correggia,\u00a0<\/em>Ecoattivista e pacifista<\/p>\n

        Andrea Cozzo,\u00a0<\/em>Docente universitario, Universit\u00e0 di Palermo, autore di libri e articoli scientifici sulla nonviolenza nel mondo odierno e nel mondo antico<\/p>\n

        Fabrizio Cracolici,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente ANPI (Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d\u2019Italia) Sezione di Nova Milanese (Monza e Brianza)<\/p>\n

        Paolo D\u2019Arpini,\u00a0<\/em>Coordinatore della Rete Bioregionale Italiana e del Comitato Per la Spiritualit\u00e0 Laica<\/p>\n

        Maria D\u2019Asaro,\u00a0<\/em>Insegnante, Blogger, Collaboratrice del settimanale \u201cCentonove\u201d e del giornale telematico \u201cNonviolenza in cammino\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Franco Dinelli,\u00a0<\/em>Ricercatore CNR, coordinatore Area Centro Italia Pax Christi, membro di \u2018International Board\u2019 di Pax Christi International<\/p>\n

        Angela Dogliotti Marasso,\u00a0<\/em>presidente del Centro Studi Sereno Regis di Torino<\/p>\n

        Aristide Donadio,\u00a0<\/em>Psicosociologo, membro redazione \u201cQuaderni Satyagraha\u201d, membro comitato tecnico \u201cCentro Peter Benenson\u201d Amnesty International-Sicilia; membro direttivo Campano Associazione Antigone e Osservatorio Campano sulle istituzioni totali; docente di Scienze Umane nei licei statali<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Davide Facheris,\u00a0<\/em>Formatore di Comunicazione Nonviolenta di Marshall Rosenberg<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Maria Pia Favaretto,\u00a0<\/em>Docente Universit\u00e0 IUSVE (Istituto Universitario Salesiano di Venezia)<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Gabriella Falcicchio,\u00a0<\/em>Amica e studiosa della nonviolenza, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Movimento Nonviolento<\/p>\n

        Stefania<\/em> Galardi,\u00a0<\/em>Equipe di coordinamento Mondiale de La Comunit\u00e0 per lo Sviluppo Umano<\/p>\n

        Maria Giovanna Farina,\u00a0<\/em>Filosofa e scrittrice<\/p>\n

        Gloria Germani,\u00a0<\/em>Ecofilosofa e scrittrice<\/p>\n

        Francuccio Gesualdi,\u00a0<\/em>Coordinatore Centro Nuovo Modello di Sviluppo<\/p>\n

        Giampiero Girardi,\u00a0<\/em>Direttore dell\u2019Ufficio Servizio civile della Provincia autonoma di Trento<\/p>\n

        Carlo Gubitosa,\u00a0<\/em>Scrittore e saggista, fondatore delle edizioni no-profit \u201cAltrinformazione\u201d, ex portavoce dell\u2019associazione PeaceLink e gi\u00e0 membro del settore nazionale \u201cPace-Nonviolenza-Solidarieta\u2019\u201d dell\u2019Agesci<\/p>\n

        Renato Kizito Sesana,\u00a0<\/em>Missionario comboniano e fondatore delle comunit\u00e0 Koinonia in Kenya, Sudan e Zambia<\/p>\n

        Alberto L\u2019Abate,\u00a0<\/em>Gi\u00e0 docente di Sociologia per la Pace e Metodologia di Ricerca per la Pace all\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Firenze, e docente di Metodologia della Ricerca per la Pace per l\u2019Universit\u00e0 internazionale, on line, Transcend, per la teoria e la pratica della pace<\/p>\n

        Diego Ettore Liberati,\u00a0<\/em>Research Director, Science & Technology Foresight, National Research Council of Italy<\/p>\n

        Antonio Lombardi,\u00a0<\/em>Pedagogista e mediatore dei conflitti, autore di articoli e monografie sulla nonviolenza e la difesa popolare nonviolenta<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Dario Lo Scalzo,\u00a0<\/em>Giornalista, scrittore e videomaker. Attualmente fa parte della redazione italiana di Pressenza<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Romano M\u00e0dera,\u00a0<\/em>Professore ordinario di Filosofia morale e di pratiche filosofiche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Bicocca<\/p>\n

        Maria Antonietta Malleo,\u00a0<\/em>Storica dell\u2019arte, rappresentante dell\u2019International Fellowship of Reconciliation all\u2019UNESCO<\/p>\n

        Alessandro Marescotti,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente di PeaceLink<\/p>\n

        Giuliana Mastropasqua,\u00a0<\/em>Educatrice Istituto Penale Minorenni di Catania, Consigliera Nazionale Pax Christi<\/p>\n

        Antonio Mazzeo,\u00a0<\/em>Giornalista antimilitarista e peace researcher<\/p>\n

        Giuliana Mieli,\u00a0<\/em>Psicoterapeuta<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Rosanna Miccoli,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente dell\u2019Associazione Claudio Miccoli per la diffusione di una cultura nonviolenta e ambientalista<\/p>\n

        Barbara Musso,\u00a0<\/em>Avvocato negoziatore e mediatore<\/p>\n

        Riccardo Petrella,\u00a0<\/em>Professore emerito dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 Cattolica di Lovanio, dal 1978 al 1994 direttore del programma FAST (Forecasting and Asssessment in Science and Technology) presso la Commissione Europea<\/p>\n

        Enrico Peyretti,\u00a0<\/em>Saggista, collaboratore del Centro Studi Sereno Regis, Torino<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Vincenzo Pezzino,\u00a0<\/em>Medico, Universit\u00e0 di Catania, Punto Pace Pax Christi Catania<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Martina Pignatti Morano,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente dell\u2019associazione Un ponte per\u2026, referente del Tavolo Interventi Civili di Pace e membro del Comitato di monitoraggio e valutazione della Sperimentazione dei Corpi Civili di Pace, presso il Dipartimento della Giovent\u00f9 e Servizio Civile<\/p>\n

        Massimiliano Pilati,\u00a0<\/em>Presidente del Forum Trentino per la Pace e i diritti umani<\/div>\n

        Massimo Pittella,\u00a0<\/em>Consulente e formatore indipendente in Comunicazione Nonviolenta secondo l\u2019approccio di M. Rosenberg e facilitatore del dialogo bohmiano<\/p>\n

        Giuliano Pontara,\u00a0<\/em>Docente emerito, Stockholm University, Svezia<\/p>\n

        Pasquale Pugliese,\u00a0<\/em>Segretario nazionale del Movimento Nonviolento e redattore della rivista \u201cAzione nonviolenta\u201d<\/p>\n

        Raffaello Saffioti,\u00a0<\/em>Socio del Centro Gandhi e gi\u00e0 docente di Scienze Umane negli istituti di istruzione secondaria di secondo grado<\/p>\n

        Vincenzo Sanfilippo,\u00a0<\/em>Sociologo, Comunit\u00e0 dell\u2019Arca di Lanza del Vasto, membro della redazione della rivista \u00a0 \u201dQuaderni Satyagraha\u201d, curatore e autori di diversi saggi sul tema \u201cNonviolenza e mafia per il superamento del sistema mafioso\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Giovanni Sarubbi,\u00a0<\/em>Direttore Il Dialogo<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Cosimo Scordato,\u00a0<\/em>Docente di Teologia sacramentaria e di Ecclesiologia alla Facolt\u00e0 Teologica di Sicilia<\/p>\n

        Peppe Sini,\u00a0<\/em>Direttore del Centro di ricerca per la pace e i diritti umani di Viterbo<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Gaetano (Tati) Sgarlata,\u00a0<\/em>Psichiatra, Siracusa, Animatore del Gruppo di Animazione missionaria Ad gentes<\/em><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Gianni Sorte,\u00a0<\/em>Formatore indipendente in Comunicazione Nonviolenta secondo l\u2019approccio di M. Rosenberg<\/p>\n

        Roberto Tecchio,\u00a0<\/em>Fondatore e membro del comitato scientifico del Centro Studi Difesa Civile<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Olivier Turquet,\u00a0<\/em>Centro di Studi Umanisti \u201cTi con Zero\u201d, direttore editoriale di Multimage, coordinatore di Pressenza, agenzia stampa per la pace e la nonviolenza<\/p>\n

        Laura Tussi,\u00a0<\/em>Giornalista e scrittrice<\/p>\n

        Mao (Massimo) Valpiana,\u00a0<\/em>Direttore di Azione nonviolenta e Presidente del Movimento Nonviolento<\/p>\n

        Francesco Vignarca,\u00a0<\/em>coordinatore di Rete Italiana Disarm<\/p>\n

        Tiziana Volta Cormio,\u00a0<\/em>Equipe Coordinamento Mondiale di Mondo senza Guerre e senza Violenza<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em>Alex Zanotelli,\u00a0<\/em>Missionario comboniano<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Traduit de l’italien par\u00a0Lina Scarpellini – Trommons.org<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        \u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la Journ\u00e9e internationale de la nonviolence, une lettre cosign\u00e9e par un groupe de chercheurs et de d\u00e9fenseurs de la nonviolence a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e. La voici dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9.   Au comit\u00e9 scientifique de l\u2019Institut de l\u2019encyclop\u00e9die italienne…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":376056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11386,85,1248,163],"tags":[719,31156,265,2322],"class_list":["post-424962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contenu-original","category-europe-fr","category-nonviolence-sujet","category-opinion-fr","tag-2-ottobre","tag-accademia-della-crusca","tag-nonviolence","tag-nonviolence-active"],"yoast_head":"\nLettre pour demander l\u2019ajout du terme \u00ab nonviolence \u00bb au vocabulaire<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la Journ\u00e9e internationale de la nonviolence, une lettre cosign\u00e9e par un groupe de chercheurs et de d\u00e9fenseurs de la nonviolence a 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