{"id":2697057,"date":"2026-05-01T21:09:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T20:09:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=2697057"},"modified":"2026-05-01T21:09:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T20:09:11","slug":"les-medias-face-a-la-crise-du-pluralisme-une-derive-qui-menace-la-democratie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2026\/05\/les-medias-face-a-la-crise-du-pluralisme-une-derive-qui-menace-la-democratie\/","title":{"rendered":"Les m\u00e9dias face \u00e0 la crise du pluralisme : une d\u00e9rive qui menace la d\u00e9mocratie"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00ab\u00a0A l\u2019\u2019occasion de la journ\u00e9e internationale de la Libert\u00e9 de la presse de ce 3 mai,<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
Nous avons, avec Habiba et quelques autres pr\u00e9par\u00e9 ce \u00ab\u00a0Point de vue \u00bb \u00a0centr\u00e9esur la question du respect du pluralisme dans la presse et mes m\u00e9dias.\u00a0 <\/span><\/b>Une presse libre sans pluralisme ne serait qu\u2019une grave illusion d\u00e9mocratique, non ?<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
Si vous approuvez le contenu de cet article, vous pouvez le signer et le renvoyer <\/span><\/b>d\u00e8s que possible et avant dimanche matin 3 mai au plus tard<\/span><\/u>.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
Pierrick Hamon\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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D\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \/\u00a0I-Dialogos think tank<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
La diversit\u00e9 de l\u2019information semble, \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue, mieux respect\u00e9e qu\u2019auparavant. Mais ce <\/span><\/span>progr\u00e8s apparent doit moins aux m\u00e9dias traditionnels qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019essor des r\u00e9seaux sociaux, devenus, <\/span><\/span>malgr\u00e9 leurs d\u00e9rives, des espaces de pluralit\u00e9. C\u2019est l\u00e0 un paradox<\/span><\/span>e majeur : alors que les <\/span><\/span>plateformes num\u00e9riques sont souvent accus\u00e9es<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00e0 juste titre<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> de favoriser la d\u00e9sinformation,<\/span><\/span>
elles offrent aussi des possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019expression que les m\u00e9dias \u00e9tablis tendent de plus en plus \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>restreindre.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span>
Car dans ces derniers<\/span><\/span><\/span> la diversit\u00e9 des points de vue recule. Les visions alternatives, les <\/span><\/span>\u00e9clairages diff\u00e9rents sur les \u00e9v\u00e9nements, sont progressivement marginalis\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><\/span> et m\u00eame \u00e9cart\u00e9s<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>
Le journalisme<\/span> d\u2019investigation,<\/span> au<\/span> sens<\/span> exigeant<\/span> du<\/span> terme<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> celui qui v\u00e9rifie,<\/span> recoupe, <\/span><\/span>contextualise, confronte<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> semble s\u2019effacer au profit d\u2019un traitement r\u00e9p\u00e9titif<\/span><\/span> et<\/span><\/span> b<\/span><\/span>iais\u00e9<\/span><\/span> de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019information.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Non pas l\u2019<\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span> investigation<\/span><\/span> spectacle<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00bb<\/span><\/span> de fa\u00e7ade qui amplifie<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 grands bruits<\/span><\/span> des <\/span><\/span>constats d\u00e9j\u00e0 connus, mais celle qui caract\u00e9risait<\/span><\/span> les<\/span><\/span> grandes p\u00e9riodes du<\/span><\/span> Washington Post<\/span><\/span>, du <\/span><\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/span><\/span> et d\u2019autres titres majeurs, lorsque la recherche de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 primait sur la vitesse <\/span><\/span>et le commentaire.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Pris dans la pression du flux continu et de la concurrence num\u00e9rique, nombre de journalistes se <\/span><\/span>contentent d\u00e9sormais de reprendre des d\u00e9p\u00eaches d\u2019agence, parfois ajust\u00e9es, mais<\/span><\/span>, pris<\/span><\/span><\/span> pa<\/span><\/span>r <\/span><\/span>l\u2019urgence,<\/span><\/span><\/span> rarement v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es en profondeur. Les sources sont<\/span><\/span> ainsi<\/span><\/span> peu interrog\u00e9es, rarement <\/span><\/span>explicit\u00e9es, et la complexit\u00e9 des situations c\u00e8de le pas \u00e0 des narrations simplifi\u00e9es. Cette<\/span><\/span>
\u00e9volution ne rel\u00e8ve pas seulement de contraintes \u00e9conomiques ou techniques ; elle traduit aussi <\/span><\/span>un d\u00e9placement des priorit\u00e9s dans la prat<\/span><\/span>iq<\/span><\/span>ue journalistique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

1. La concentration des m\u00e9dias est elle la seule explication<\/span><\/span><\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/h3>\n

La concentration des m\u00e9dias est un fait r\u00e9el et pr\u00e9occupant, notamment lorsqu\u2019une part <\/span><\/span>importante de l\u2019information d\u00e9pend de quelques groupes industriels, financiers ou id\u00e9ologiques.<\/span><\/span>
Mais elle n\u2019explique pas \u00e0 elle seule l\u2019homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 croissante des analys<\/span><\/span>es. Celle<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>ci tient<\/span><\/span> donc <\/span><\/span>probablement<\/span><\/span> aussi \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance aux agences, aux sources institutionnelles, \u00e0 la peur de la <\/span><\/span>dissonance, aux logiques d\u2019audience et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9carisation du m\u00e9tier journalistique.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Il faut en outre \u00e9viter une lecture trop occidentalo<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>centr\u00e9e. Dans de nombreux pays autoritaires, <\/span><\/span>et pas seulement au \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span> Sud<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00bb, le probl\u00e8me n\u2019est pas uniquement la concentration priv\u00e9e, mais le <\/span><\/span>contr\u00f4le direct ou indirect des m\u00e9dias par les gouvernements, l<\/span><\/span>es partis dominants, l\u2019arm\u00e9e ou<\/span><\/span>des oligarques li\u00e9s au pouvoir. La libert\u00e9 de la presse, la vraie, est ainsi en situation tr\u00e8s grave <\/span><\/span>pour plus de la moiti\u00e9 de la population mondiale, tandis que la fragilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique des m\u00e9dias<\/span><\/span>devient elle<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>m\u00eame une menac<\/span><\/span>e majeure pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9ditoriale.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. La disqualification morale pour \u00e9viter la confrontation des id\u00e9es<\/span><\/span><\/span> ?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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Dans les D\u00e9mocraties europ\u00e9ennes, ce qui est p<\/span><\/span>lus pr\u00e9occupant encore, toute analyse divergente<\/span><\/span>
tend \u00e0 \u00eatre disqualifi\u00e9e. Elle est rapidement renvoy\u00e9e \u00e0 des cat\u00e9gories<\/span><\/span> manich\u00e9ennes<\/span><\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> le Bien <\/span><\/span>contre<\/span> le<\/span> Mal<\/span><\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> et<\/span> infamantes<\/span><\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> colonialiste,<\/span><\/span> complotiste,<\/span><\/span> p\u00e9tainiste,<\/span><\/span> poutiniste,<\/span><\/span>n\u00e9gationniste,<\/span><\/span><\/span> terroriste,<\/span><\/span> islamiste,<\/span><\/span> extr\u00e9miste,<\/span><\/span> communautariste,<\/span><\/span> etc<\/span><\/span>\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> qui tiennent lieu <\/span><\/span>d\u2019argument et dispensent de toute discussion.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Ce glissement vers une forme de stigmatisation contribue \u00e0 appauvrir le d\u00e9bat public, en <\/span><\/span>substituant la disqualification morale \u00e0 la confrontation des id\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Les cha\u00eenes d\u2019information en continu accentuent cette tendance. Elles mobilisent des \u00ab experts<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> apr\u00e8s le temps des m\u00e9decins<\/span><\/span> est venu celui des<\/span><\/span> ex<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>militaires<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> omnipr\u00e9sents<\/span><\/span><\/span> sur les plateaux <\/span><\/span>TV<\/span><\/span>, parfois auto<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>proclam\u00e9s, dont la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des interventions rappelle, par certains aspects, <\/span><\/span>les dispositifs m\u00e9diatiques observ\u00e9s durant la crise sanitaire<\/span><\/span><\/span> du Covid<\/span><\/span>. L\u2019analyse y devient<\/span><\/span>
souvent pr\u00e9visible, format\u00e9e, inscrite dans des grilles de lecture peu renouvel\u00e9es<\/span><\/span><\/span> et, parfois, peu <\/span><\/span>soucieuse de d\u00e9ontologie.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Le traitement m\u00e9diatique de l\u2019actualit\u00e9, et pas seulement r\u00e9cente, met ainsi en \u00e9vidence les <\/span><\/span>limites<\/span> d\u2019approches<\/span> fond\u00e9es<\/span> sur<\/span> des<\/span> sch\u00e9mas<\/span> st\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9s.<\/span> L\u2019\u00e9motion<\/span> y<\/span> prime<\/span> sur<\/span> la <\/span><\/span>compr\u00e9hension, le court terme sur la mise en perspective, au d\u00e9triment de l\u2019\u00e9cout<\/span><\/span>e des acteurs <\/span><\/span>concern\u00e9s et de la prise en compte de la diversit\u00e9 des situations, notamment internationales.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Pourtant<\/span><\/span>, \u00e0 l\u2019inverse, la<\/span><\/span> D<\/span><\/span>iplomatie<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> lorsqu\u2019elle demeure fid\u00e8le \u00e0 ses principes<\/span><\/span> h\u00e9las de plus en <\/span><\/span>plus n\u00e9glig\u00e9s<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> repose pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment sur le dialogue, l\u2019\u00e9coute et la reconnaissance de la <\/span><\/span>complexit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> La<\/span> contestation<\/span> du<\/span> multilat\u00e9ralisme<\/span> et<\/span> du<\/span> r\u00f4le<\/span> des<\/span> Nations<\/span> Unies<\/span> ne<\/span> fait <\/span><\/span>qu\u2019amplifier<\/span> cette<\/span> dangereuse<\/span> \u00e9volution.<\/span> La<\/span> Diplomatie<\/span> devrait<\/span> pourtant<\/span><\/span> constitue<\/span><\/span>r<\/span><\/span><\/span> un<\/span><\/span>
contrepoint essentiel aux logiques d\u2019affrontement, dont l\u2019actualit\u00e9 ne cesse de souligner les <\/span><\/span>limites.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Dans ce contexte, la responsabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias est consid\u00e9rable. Ils devraient pouvoir se <\/span><\/span>ressourcer, se r\u00e9interroger, afin de d\u00e9passer \u00e0 la fois la pression des r\u00e9seaux sociaux et les <\/span><\/span>risques de manipulation qui y sont associ\u00e9s. Leur enjeu n\u2019est p<\/span><\/span>lu<\/span><\/span>s seulement de survivre, mais <\/span><\/span>de se r\u00e9inventer comme acteurs centraux d\u2019un d\u00e9bat public \u00e9clair\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais alors, q<\/span><\/span>u\u2019est<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>ce qu\u2019\u00eatre journaliste aujourd\u2019hui ?<\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/h3>\n

Face aux transformations technologiques, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux acteurs de l\u2019information, <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 la concurrence des plateformes, cette question m\u00e9rite d\u2019\u00eatre repos\u00e9e. Plusieurs \u00e9tudes ont <\/span><\/span>montr\u00e9 un glissement significatif dans la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 accord\u00e9e aux m\u00e9d<\/span><\/span>ias<\/span><\/span><\/span> et pas seulement chez <\/span><\/span>les jeunes<\/span><\/span>. Peut<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>on vraiment consid\u00e9rer comme fortuite la crise de confiance qu\u2019ils traversent ?<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Dans une d\u00e9mocratie,<\/span><\/span> quelles qu\u2019en soient les formes,<\/span><\/span> le r\u00f4le des m\u00e9dias<\/span><\/span><\/span> devrait<\/span><\/span><\/span> r<\/span><\/span>est<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span>r <\/span><\/span>fondamental. L\u2019opinion publique et la d\u00e9cision citoyenne se construisent<\/span><\/span>, on l\u2019oublie trop <\/span><\/span>souvent,<\/span><\/span><\/span> en grande partie \u00e0 travers eux. Mais que devient cette fonction lorsque le journaliste <\/span><\/span>perd sa distance critique, lorsque l\u2019impartialit\u00e9 est rel\u00e9gu\u00e9e au second plan ?<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Le journalisme militant constitue un genre reconnu<\/span><\/span><\/span> mais parfois aussi confondu<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> L<\/span><\/span>orsqu\u2019il tend <\/span><\/span>\u00e0 devenir dominant,<\/span><\/span> y compris<\/span><\/span><\/span> dans l<\/span><\/span>a \u00ab<\/span><\/span><\/span> Grande presse<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00bb,<\/span><\/span> il modifie profond\u00e9ment la nature du <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9bat.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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3 <\/span><\/span>La signature de certains<\/span><\/span><\/span> journalistes<\/span><\/span> suffit parfois \u00e0 anticiper le contenu de leurs articles, rendant<\/span><\/span>leur lecture presque superflue.<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Informer ne consiste pourtant pas \u00e0 imposer une v\u00e9rit\u00e9, mais \u00e0 <\/span><\/span>\u00e9clairer le r\u00e9el dans toute sa complexit\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Le grand journaliste Jacques Duquesne<\/span><\/span>, trop vite oubli\u00e9,<\/span><\/span><\/span> le rappelait avec justesse :<\/span><\/span><\/span> J\u2019ai voulu <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00eatre journaliste non pour dire ce qu\u2019il fallait penser, mais pour raconter et expliquer.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

Les<\/span><\/span> philosophes<\/span><\/span><\/span> J\u00fcrgen Habermas<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> qui vient de nous quitter<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> et Edgar Morin<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> avaie<\/span><\/span>nt lanc\u00e9 un <\/span><\/span>appel au dialogue, au d\u00e9bat et \u00e0 la raison.<\/span><\/span> Tous deux, de la m\u00eame g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, ont connu les <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9sastres du pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent conflit mondial.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Ils savent de quoi ils parlent face \u00e0 la multiplication, <\/span><\/span>dans les m\u00e9dias et sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, de discours bellicistes d\u2019un simpliste confondant,<\/span><\/span>
oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 toute<\/span><\/span><\/span> recherche de compromis, m\u00eame diplomatique. Les Gouvernements ne sont pas <\/span><\/span>en reste.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour<\/span><\/span> le philosophe allemand<\/span><\/span>, l\u2019espace public doit \u00eatre un lieu de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration rationnelle, o\u00f9 des <\/span><\/span>arguments contradictoires peuvent se confronter librement.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Mais cette condition suppose une pluralit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle des points de vue. Pour<\/span><\/span> Edgar<\/span><\/span> Morin, <\/span><\/span>comprendre<\/span> le<\/span> monde<\/span> exige<\/span> une<\/span> pens\u00e9e<\/span> complexe,<\/span> capable<\/span> d\u2019articuler<\/span> contradictions, <\/span><\/span>incertitudes et interd\u00e9pendances.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

Or, le traitement m\u00e9diatique des grands conflits tend \u00e0 produire l\u2019inverse. Qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de <\/span><\/span>l\u2019Ukraine, d<\/span><\/span>e la Palestine<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> d\u2019Isra\u00ebl,<\/span><\/span> de l\u2019Iran<\/span><\/span><\/span> ou d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span>, une m\u00eame logique appara\u00eet : celle d\u2019un <\/span><\/span>r\u00e9cit simplifi\u00e9, parfois caricatural,<\/span><\/span> souvent belliciste,<\/span><\/span> au d\u00e9triment de la complexit\u00e9 des <\/span><\/span>situations. Certains conflits occupent durablement l\u2019espace m\u00e9diatique, tandis que d\u2019autres<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span>
notamment en Afrique<\/span><\/span>, RDC, Soudan ou<\/span><\/span> au Sahel<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> voire Cuba,<\/span><\/span> restent largement invisibles.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Certaines vies sont incarn\u00e9es, d\u2019autres deviennent abstraites<\/span><\/span><\/span> ou n\u00e9glig\u00e9es au profit de discours <\/span><\/span>militaristes sur fond de vid\u00e9os tout aussi abstraites mille fois pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Derri\u00e8re la d\u00e9nonciation des \u00ab fake news \u00bb<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> notion dont la d\u00e9finition d\u00e9pend toujours d\u2019un <\/span><\/span>pouvoir de qualification<\/span><\/span> –<\/span><\/span><\/span> se joue une crise plus profonde : l\u2019affaiblissement du pluralisme r\u00e9el.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

14 journalistes<\/span><\/span> italiens<\/span><\/span> contre toute \u00ab narration partiale et hyper simpliste \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span>
La tribune publi\u00e9e en 202<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span>, apr\u00e8s l\u2019invasion russe en Ukraine,<\/span><\/span><\/span> par quatorze journalistes italiens,<\/span><\/span>anciens correspondants de guerre, rejoints par plus de 150 confr\u00e8res, en<\/span><\/span> a<\/span><\/span> constitu<\/span><\/span>\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span> une <\/span><\/span>illustration marquante.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Ce texte d\u00e9non\u00e7ait une \u00ab<\/span><\/span> narration partiale et hyper simpliste<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00bb du conflit<\/span><\/span><\/span> et rappelait que <\/span><\/span>l\u2019information journalistique est un bien trop pr\u00e9cieux pour \u00eatre confondu avec de la propagande, <\/span><\/span>f<\/span><\/span>ut<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>elle contre<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>propagande. Fait r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur<\/span><\/span> qui interroge quand m\u00eame<\/span><\/span> : cette tribune a suscit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>un d\u00e9bat important en Italie et en Allemagne, mais est rest\u00e9e largement ignor\u00e9e en France.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Outre<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>Rhin et au<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>del\u00e0 des Alpes, les intellectuels s\u2019opposent, parfois vivement, entre approches <\/span><\/span>diplomatiques<\/span> et logiques<\/span> militaires.<\/span> Artistes,<\/span> \u00e9crivains,<\/span> chercheurs<\/span> y<\/span> confrontent leurs <\/span><\/span>analyses. Le d\u00e9bat existe. En France, il semble plus contraint : tout<\/span><\/span>e voix dissonante est <\/span><\/span>rapidement suspect\u00e9e,<\/span><\/span> souvent<\/span><\/span><\/span> disqualifi\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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4 <\/span><\/span>Le traitement de certaines figures intellectuelles en t\u00e9moigne.<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n
L<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span>s<\/span><\/span>cas<\/span><\/span>, en France,<\/span><\/span>d<\/span><\/span>u romancier <\/span><\/span>Boualem Sansal,<\/span><\/span>et<\/span><\/span>du sociologue Fran\u00e7ois Burgat, sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu du monde arabe,<\/span><\/span>
illustrent cette difficult\u00e9 croissante \u00e0 distinguer entre expliquer un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne et le justifier.<\/span><\/span>
Dans ces situations, l\u2019analyse est parfois interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme une prise de position, et la <\/span><\/span>d<\/span><\/span>iscussion c\u00e8de la place \u00e0 la pol\u00e9miqu<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Dangereuse confusion entre d\u00e9sinformation et d\u00e9saccord<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
Plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, l<\/span><\/span>e recours croissant<\/span><\/span>\u00e0 des qualifications morales<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>au nom d\u2019un humanisme<\/span><\/span>
opportun\u00e9ment interpr\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span><\/span>et surtout<\/span><\/span>juridique<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span>tend \u00e0 se substituer au d\u00e9bat intellectuel.<\/span><\/span>
La lutte contre les manipulations, parfois un peu vite qualifi\u00e9e d\u2019\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/span>ing\u00e9rences<\/span><\/span>\u00e9trang\u00e8res<\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span>est <\/span><\/span>certes n\u00e9cessaire, mais elle ne doit pas conduire, dans une d\u00e9rive kafka\u00efenne<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span>\u00e0 contr\u00f4ler et <\/span><\/span>sanctionner les citoyens qui pourraient contester le<\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>narratif<\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><\/span>officiel.<\/span><\/span>
Ce<\/span><\/span>s<\/span><\/span>accusatio<\/span><\/span>ns,<\/span><\/span>r\u00e9elle<\/span><\/span>s<\/span><\/span>sans aucun doute<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span>et de toutes parts,<\/span><\/span>est<\/span><\/span>de plus en plus<\/span><\/span>mobilis\u00e9e<\/span><\/span>, avec<\/span><\/span>la complicit\u00e9 de certaines \u00ab<\/span><\/span>ONGs<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span>pour disqualifier toute contestation,<\/span><\/span>en la ramenant \u00e0 une <\/span><\/span>manipulation ext\u00e9rieure. Entre r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et instrumentalisation, cet argument contribue<\/span><\/span>de plus en <\/span><\/span>plus<\/span><\/span>\u00e0 installer un climat de suspicion qui restreint encore davantage le champ des analyses <\/span><\/span>l\u00e9gitimes<\/span><\/span>et frise<\/span><\/span>r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement<\/span><\/span>la censure<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Par contre, silence<\/span><\/span>g\u00ean\u00e9<\/span><\/span>concernant<\/span><\/span>l<\/span><\/span>es ing\u00e9rences occidentales dans les \u00e9lections r\u00e9centes dans <\/span><\/span>plusieurs pays europ\u00e9ens, au moins autant que celles de<\/span><\/span>la<\/span><\/span>Russie<\/span><\/span>, entre autres.<\/span><\/span>
Et les r\u00e9seaux sociaux<\/span><\/span>: menace et\/ou espace de libert\u00e9<\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span>
Dans ce contexte<\/span><\/span>en effet<\/span><\/span>, les r\u00e9seaux sociaux apparaissent paradoxalement comme un espace <\/span><\/span>de respiration. Certes, ils favorisent la fragmentation et la polarisation. Mais ils permettent aussi <\/span><\/span>l\u2019expression de voix absentes des m\u00e9dias traditionnels.<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Un autre signal pr\u00e9occupant tient au rapport des jeunes \u00e0 l\u2019information. De plus en plus, ils <\/span><\/span>privil\u00e9gient<\/span> les<\/span> r\u00e9seaux<\/span> sociaux<\/span> aux<\/span> m\u00e9dias<\/span> traditionnels,<\/span> attir\u00e9s<\/span> par<\/span> des<\/span> formats<\/span> plus <\/span><\/span>accessibles et imm\u00e9diats.<\/span><\/span>
Si cette \u00e9volution \u00e9largit l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, elle en modifie aussi les rep\u00e8res, en renfor\u00e7ant <\/span><\/span>le r\u00f4le des plateformes et de leurs logiques algorithmiques, avec des effets encore incertains sur<\/span><\/span>le pluralisme et le d\u00e9bat public.<\/span><\/span>
Enfin, le num\u00e9rique ne constitue pas automatiquement une solution pluraliste. Il ouvre certes <\/span><\/span>des espaces d\u2019expression, mais il d\u00e9place aussi le pouvoir vers les grandes plateformes, leurs <\/span><\/span>algorithmes, leurs mod\u00e8les publicitaires et leurs logiques de viral<\/span><\/span>it\u00e9. L\u2019information passe de <\/span><\/span>plus en plus par les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, la vid\u00e9o, les influenceurs et d\u00e9sormais les r\u00e9ponses <\/span><\/span>g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par l\u2019IA, ce qui fragmente l\u2019espace public sans garantir une meilleure qualit\u00e9 <\/span><\/span>d\u00e9mocratique.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

Et puis q<\/span><\/span>u\u2019est<\/span><\/span>–<\/span><\/span>ce qu\u2019une presse libre sans pluralisme<\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n
Comment reconstruire un espace public capable d\u2019accueillir des analyses divergentes sans les <\/span><\/span>disqualifier a priori ?<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
La question centrale n\u2019est<\/span><\/span>donc<\/span><\/span>plus seulement celle de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, mais <\/span><\/span>donc aussi,<\/span><\/span>celle du pluralisme.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Ces interrogations renvoient aussi aux d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres entre le Nord et le Sud dans la production et la circulation de l\u2019information.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi les m\u00e9dias du Nord peinent-ils tant \u00e0 percevoir certains \u00e9v\u00e9nements dans toute leur complexit\u00e9, notamment lorsqu\u2019ils se d\u00e9roulent hors de leur espace ? Et pourquoi les journalistes du Sud reprennent-ils souvent ces m\u00eames grilles de lecture ?<\/p>\n

Ces questions invitent \u00e0 un travail de contextualisation et de mise en perspective. Elles interrogent les pratiques professionnelles autant que les structures de pouvoir qui traversent lechamp m\u00e9diatique. La profession ne peut \u00e9viter ces interrogations.<\/p>\n

Elle doit se pencher \u00e0 nouveau sur ce qui semblait acquis : la v\u00e9rification des sources, la pluralit\u00e9 des points de vue, la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 penser la complexit\u00e9. Le journalisme doit imp\u00e9rativement se r\u00e9inventer, m\u00eame dans la diversit\u00e9. Non pour rivaliser avec les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, mais pour retrouver ce qui fonde sa l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Car, comme le soulignent <\/span>les grandes r\u00e9f\u00e9rences du think tank I-Dialogos,<\/i><\/b> L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor, Fran\u00e7ois Julien, Souleymane Bachir Diagne :<\/p>\n

Sans diversit\u00e9 des regards,<\/b><\/p>\n

il n\u2019y a ni compr\u00e9hension lucide, ni dialogue, ni d\u00e9mocratie vivante<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Habiba Mejri Cheikh <\/b>(Tunis, 10.05.2024) <\/i>Journaliste tunisienneex DG Presse et Communication de l\u2019OUA \u00e0 Addis-Abbeba<\/p>\n

\u00ab La hi\u00e9rarchisation des vies humaines, les deux poids deux mesures et les double standards <\/i>m\u00e9diatiques y sont \u00e9rig\u00e9s en r\u00e8gle absolue. La bombe aveugle et assassine lorsqu\u2019elle fauche <\/i>un Ukrainien, devient \u00ab droit \u00e0 se d\u00e9fendre \u00bb, lorsque la victime est Palestinienne. C\u2019est ainsi <\/i>et pas autrement, personne ne doit oser se demander pourquoi, sinon il sera tr\u00e8s vite catapult\u00e9 <\/i>dans les th\u00e9ories du complot, ou bien, et c\u2018est encore plus net, plus propre, tax\u00e9<\/i>communautarisme, de terrorisme ou d\u2019antis\u00e9mitisme et r\u00e9duit au silence m\u00e9diatique.<\/i> <\/i>M\u00eame si <\/i>les m\u00e9dias occidentaux ne forment pas un bloc monolithique, m\u00eame si certains se d\u00e9marquent, <\/i>il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils v\u00e9hiculent, dans toute leur diversit\u00e9, via leurs journalistes, une <\/i>conception r\u00e9ductrice, qui n’int\u00e8gre gu\u00e8re la diversit\u00e9 philosophique, culturelle et spirituelle de <\/i>l’ensemble des peuples du monde. Il n\u2019y a pas lieu de chercher un coupable et surtout pas <\/i>seulement du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des professionnels des m\u00e9dias. Beaucoup essaient, non sans mal, de faire <\/i>correctement leur m\u00e9tier et certains r\u00e9ussissent m\u00eame \u00e0 nous informer. Notre propos plaide <\/i>pour la construction d\u2019un discours de tol\u00e9rance et de dialogue respectueux qui fera avancer <\/i>l\u2019agenda de la paix dont notre monde a grandement besoin. Une couverture m\u00e9diatique <\/i>\u00e9quilibr\u00e9e et professionnelle qui ne met pas en p\u00e9ril la d\u00e9mocratie. Rien de plus !!! \u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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