{"id":2636237,"date":"2025-09-17T14:12:59","date_gmt":"2025-09-17T13:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=2636237"},"modified":"2025-09-17T14:12:59","modified_gmt":"2025-09-17T13:12:59","slug":"le-perou-et-ses-matieres-premieres-partie-4-de-la-vice-royaute-a-lindependance-inachevee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/09\/le-perou-et-ses-matieres-premieres-partie-4-de-la-vice-royaute-a-lindependance-inachevee\/","title":{"rendered":"Le P\u00e9rou et ses mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res. Partie 4 \u2013 De la vice-royaut\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance inachev\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>La libert\u00e9 politique ne signifiait pas la libert\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. Les cha\u00eenes changeaient de mains, mais continuaient de se resserrer autour du P\u00e9rou.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>1700 \u00e0 1800<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fut le si\u00e8cle de l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre impossible. L&rsquo;Espagne, \u00e9puis\u00e9e par ses propres guerres en Europe, maintenait la vice-royaut\u00e9 du P\u00e9rou comme sa mine personnelle. Ce n&rsquo;\u00e9tait plus le si\u00e8cle des conqu\u00eates violentes, mais celui de l&rsquo;extraction syst\u00e9matique. Les routes, les imp\u00f4ts, les corporations et les lois \u00e9taient con\u00e7us avec un seul objectif : garantir que rien ne subsiste au P\u00e9rou, si ce n&rsquo;est l&rsquo;\u00e9cho des cloches des \u00e9glises et la poussi\u00e8re des mines.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;exploitation mini\u00e8re restait la cl\u00e9 de vo\u00fbte. Potos\u00ed produisait encore de l&rsquo;argent, mais avec moins d&rsquo;abondance qu&rsquo;au si\u00e8cle pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. Les filons s&rsquo;ass\u00e8chaient, et les veines devenaient plus profondes, plus dangereuses et plus meurtri\u00e8res. Des milliers d&rsquo;indig\u00e8nes et de m\u00e9tis travaillaient dans des conditions identiques \u00e0 celles du XVIe si\u00e8cle. La mita coloniale continuait de fonctionner : travail obligatoire, quarts de travail inhumains et ch\u00e2timents corporels pour quiconque tentait de s&rsquo;\u00e9chapper.<\/p>\n<p>Huancavelica continuait de fournir du mercure pour le raffinage de l&rsquo;argent. Ce poison liquide, qui tuait lentement les ouvriers par intoxication pulmonaire et neurologique, continuait d&rsquo;affluer dans les mines. Chaque tonne extraite signifiait des dizaines de morts silencieuses. Il ne s&rsquo;agissait pas de meurtres \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9p\u00e9e, mais d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cutions au ralenti.<\/p>\n<p>Chiffres du pillage (1700-1800)<\/p>\n<p>Il n&rsquo;existe pas de registres complets \u2013 la contrebande faisait partie du syst\u00e8me \u2013 mais des estimations permettent d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer les vols :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Argent : Plus de 8 000 tonnes ont officiellement quitt\u00e9 Huancavelica pour l&rsquo;Espagne, \u00e9valu\u00e9es aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00e0 plus de 250 milliards de dollars US. La contrebande aurait pu doubler ce chiffre.<\/li>\n<li>Or : Environ 120 tonnes, soit environ 9 milliards de dollars US aujourd&rsquo;hui, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exp\u00e9di\u00e9es vers la p\u00e9ninsule ou vendues \u00e0 des marchands britanniques et portugais.<\/li>\n<li>Mercure : environ 15 000 tonnes, \u00e9valu\u00e9es actuellement \u00e0 2 milliards de dollars US, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraites presque enti\u00e8rement de Huancavelica.<\/li>\n<li>Production agricole : plus de 25 % des r\u00e9coltes des montagnes et de la c\u00f4te \u00e9taient destin\u00e9es aux villes mini\u00e8res ou au port d&rsquo;El Callao pour \u00eatre export\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li>Travail forc\u00e9 : au moins 600 000 personnes ont subi la mita au cours de ce si\u00e8cle, avec une perte sociale estim\u00e9e \u00e0 50 milliards de dollars US en valeur actuelle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chiffres de l&rsquo;extermination humaine \u2013 1700 \u00e0 1800<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Population indig\u00e8ne estim\u00e9e au d\u00e9but du si\u00e8cle : 1,8 \u00e0 2 millions.<\/li>\n<li>Groupes ethniques les plus touch\u00e9s : Quechua, Aymara, Chanka, Huanca, Chachapoya, Tallan, Mochica.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9c\u00e8s dus \u00e0 l&rsquo;exploitation et aux maladies : entre 500 000 et 700 000 personnes.<\/li>\n<li>Survie \u00e0 la fin du si\u00e8cle : environ 1,2 million d&rsquo;indig\u00e8nes, dont beaucoup ont \u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e9lang\u00e9s de force et soumis \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de castes rigide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>La r\u00e9bellion qui a secou\u00e9 la vice-royaut\u00e9<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Tout n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas que silence et r\u00e9signation. En 1780, la r\u00e9bellion de Jos\u00e9 Gabriel Condorcanqui, dit T\u00fapac Amaru II, \u00e9clata. Il ne s&rsquo;agissait pas d&rsquo;un simple soul\u00e8vement indig\u00e8ne, mais d&rsquo;une insurrection contre l&rsquo;ensemble du syst\u00e8me colonial. Il a d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 les abus de la mita, les imp\u00f4ts disproportionn\u00e9s, le monopole commercial et l\u2019humiliation culturelle.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9ponse espagnole fut brutale. T\u00fapac Amaru II fut cantonn\u00e9 vivant sur la place de Cuzco, sa famille extermin\u00e9e et ses partisans pers\u00e9cut\u00e9s de tous c\u00f4t\u00e9s. Le message \u00e9tait clair : aucune remise en cause de l\u2019ordre colonial ne serait tol\u00e9r\u00e9e. Le prix de la dignit\u00e9 \u00e9tait le sang.<\/p>\n<p>Mais la r\u00e9bellion laissa une blessure dans le syst\u00e8me ; l\u2019Espagne comprit qu\u2019un contr\u00f4le total \u00e9tait impossible sans une r\u00e9pression constante. Et chaque acte de r\u00e9pression attisait la haine qui, des d\u00e9cennies plus tard, allait devenir le moteur de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance.<\/p>\n<p><b>L\u2019ind\u00e9pendance qui n\u2019a pas lib\u00e9r\u00e9<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Lorsque San Mart\u00edn proclama l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du P\u00e9rou en 1821, le pillage ne cessa pas. Les administrateurs chang\u00e8rent, mais pas la structure \u00e9conomique. Les mines rest\u00e8rent aux mains de riches cr\u00e9oles et de marchands \u00e9trangers, les terres rest\u00e8rent concentr\u00e9es et la population indig\u00e8ne resta une main-d\u2019\u0153uvre bon march\u00e9, marginalis\u00e9e et priv\u00e9e de v\u00e9ritables droits politiques.<\/p>\n<p>Le P\u00e9rou n&rsquo;est pas entr\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9publique en tant que nation libre, mais comme butin \u00e0 partager entre les nouveaux et les anciens ma\u00eetres. Les m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;extraction sont rest\u00e9s intacts. Les ports ont continu\u00e9 d&rsquo;acheminer des richesses vers l&rsquo;Europe et, peu apr\u00e8s, vers les \u00c9tats-Unis. L&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance politique n&rsquo;a pas apport\u00e9 l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n<p><b>Le pillage invisible<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle et le d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 avant tout un pillage silencieux. Il ne se mesurait pas toujours en or ; il impliquait souvent des routes commerciales monopolis\u00e9es, des imp\u00f4ts qui vidaient les caisses locales et des pr\u00eats obligatoires au gouvernement colonial qui n&rsquo;\u00e9taient jamais rembours\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9glise est rest\u00e9e une alli\u00e9e du pouvoir, l\u00e9gitimant l&rsquo;ordre et accumulant des terres qu&rsquo;elle louait ensuite \u00e0 des prix usuraires. L&rsquo;\u00e9ducation est rest\u00e9e r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux \u00e9lites, et la culture indig\u00e8ne a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9prim\u00e9e ou rendue invisible.<\/p>\n<p>La vice-royaut\u00e9 a laiss\u00e9 le P\u00e9rou appauvri, avec une population indig\u00e8ne r\u00e9duite \u00e0 moins d&rsquo;un cinqui\u00e8me de ce qu&rsquo;elle \u00e9tait avant l&rsquo;arriv\u00e9e des Espagnols et un syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique con\u00e7u pour servir le monde ext\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance a apport\u00e9 de nouveaux drapeaux, mais elle n&rsquo;a apport\u00e9 ni pain, ni terre, ni justice. Le P\u00e9rou est entr\u00e9 dans le XIXe si\u00e8cle tra\u00eenant l&rsquo;ombre de la vice-royaut\u00e9, et ce qui semblait \u00eatre une libert\u00e9 s&rsquo;est transform\u00e9 en un nouveau cycle de d\u00e9pendance. Dans la cinqui\u00e8me partie, nous verrons comment la jeune r\u00e9publique est devenue le th\u00e9\u00e2tre d&rsquo;un pillage diff\u00e9rent, mais tout aussi f\u00e9roce, avec de nouveaux acteurs et une \u00e9conomie li\u00e9e \u00e0 des int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Voir les articles de la S\u00e9rie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/tag\/perou-et-ses-matieres-premieres\/\">P\u00e9rou et ses mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Voir tous les articles de la S\u00e9rie Mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, \u00c9nergie, souverainet\u00e9, pouvoir <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/tag\/serie-matieres-premieres\/\"><strong>ICI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La libert\u00e9 politique ne signifiait pas la libert\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. Les cha\u00eenes changeaient de mains, mais continuaient de se resserrer autour du P\u00e9rou. 1700 \u00e0 1800 Le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fut le si\u00e8cle de l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre impossible. L&rsquo;Espagne, \u00e9puis\u00e9e par ses propres guerres&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2493,"featured_media":2636238,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,11386,99],"tags":[1077,7770,7269,142790,141580],"class_list":["post-2636237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amerique-du-sud","category-contenu-original","category-peuples-autochtones","tag-colonialisme","tag-matieres-premieres","tag-perou","tag-perou-et-ses-matieres-premieres","tag-serie-matieres-premieres"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le P\u00e9rou et ses mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res. 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