{"id":2630160,"date":"2025-08-26T13:10:47","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T12:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=2630160"},"modified":"2025-08-26T13:12:48","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T12:12:48","slug":"les-autochtones-du-venezuela-et-lor-vole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/les-autochtones-du-venezuela-et-lor-vole\/","title":{"rendered":"Les Autochtones du Venezuela et l’or vol\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Avant l’or, il y avait des villages. Apr\u00e8s l’or, il y eut des tombes, des for\u00eats bless\u00e9es et des noms effac\u00e9s de l’histoire.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00c0 leur arriv\u00e9e, la civilisation \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u00e0. Lorsque les navires espagnols atteignirent les c\u00f4tes de ce que nous appelons aujourd’hui le Venezuela, ils ne d\u00e9barqu\u00e8rent pas sur des terres inhabit\u00e9es. Entre 1,5 et 2 millions de personnes y vivaient. Il s’agissait des peuples Cara\u00efbe, Cumanagoto, Chaima, Jirajara, Guajibo, Yanomami, Yekuana, Piaroa, B\u00e1niva, Pem\u00f3n et Warao. Ils parlaient leurs propres langues, naviguaient sur les rivi\u00e8res et croyaient que la for\u00eat avait une \u00e2me. L’or n’\u00e9tait pas un butin, c’\u00e9tait un symbole.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En 1498, tout changea. Le pillage ne se fit pas seulement \u00e0 coups d’\u00e9p\u00e9es\u00a0; il s’accompagna de maladies, de croisades religieuses et de tonnes d’or vol\u00e9es sans rel\u00e2che pendant des si\u00e8cles. L’histoire commen\u00e7a par l’extermination.<\/span><\/p>\n

1500\u20131600 Le premier massacre<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Plus de 40 % de la population autochtone p\u00e9rit. Variole, esclavage, violence. Confi\u00e9s aux mines, les peuples autochtones furent r\u00e9duits \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat d’esclaves anonymes. Au moins 50 tonnes d’or furent extraites, soit l’\u00e9quivalent actuel de plus de 4 milliards de dollars. Les Cumanagotos et les Chaima disparurent pratiquement. L’or \u00e9tait de l’or de sang.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1600\u20131700 \u00c9vang\u00e9lisation et contr\u00f4le<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation fut une autre forme de colonisation. Les missions impos\u00e8rent leur langue et leur dieu. Les rituels, les chants et les noms furent interdits. Les populations jirajara et guajibo furent r\u00e9duites \u00e0 moins de 30 %. Au cours de ce si\u00e8cle, 60 tonnes d’or, soit plus de 5,5 milliards de dollars, furent pill\u00e9es. La plus grande perte ne fut pas mat\u00e9rielle, mais spirituelle.<\/span><\/p>\n

1700\u20131800 Le Sud assi\u00e9g\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

La colonisation progressa en Amazonie et en Guyane. Les Waraos, les Pemons et les Banivas furent d\u00e9plac\u00e9s, d\u00e9poss\u00e9d\u00e9s et viol\u00e9s. Des rivi\u00e8res furent d\u00e9tourn\u00e9es, des femmes viol\u00e9es et des for\u00eats d\u00e9frich\u00e9es. Quatre-vingts tonnes d’or, aujourd’hui estim\u00e9es \u00e0 7,5 milliards de dollars, furent extraites. Mais il n’y eut ni restitution ni reconnaissance.<\/span><\/p>\n

1800\u20131900 Ind\u00e9pendance sans justice<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’ind\u00e9pendance n’a pas lib\u00e9r\u00e9 les peuples autochtones. Elle a seulement chang\u00e9 le propri\u00e9taire des cha\u00eenes. L’Angleterre, la France et les \u00c9tats-Unis ont sign\u00e9 des concessions pour exploiter la Guyane. Plus de 120 tonnes d’or ont quitt\u00e9 le pays par bateau, soit environ 10 milliards de dollars aujourd’hui. Les Yanomami et les Yekuana ont \u00e9t\u00e9 chass\u00e9s de leurs terres. Personne ne leur a rien rendu en retour.<\/span><\/p>\n

1900\u20131950 L’or et la dictature<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les premi\u00e8res soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d’extraction d’or modernes op\u00e9raient en toute impunit\u00e9. Venezuelan Gold Fields et la Compagnie mini\u00e8re des Guyanes furent cr\u00e9\u00e9es avec le soutien de r\u00e9gimes autoritaires. Les Pemon furent totalement ignor\u00e9s. 150 tonnes d’or furent extraites, pour une valeur de plus de 12 milliards de dollars. La for\u00eat continua de produire, tandis que les populations continuaient de mourir.<\/span><\/p>\n

1950\u20132000 Le Mercure et la faim<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’or fut transport\u00e9 par avion, bateau et h\u00e9licopt\u00e8re. Cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait par Placer Dome, Gold Reserve et Crystallex. Des camps ill\u00e9gaux d\u00e9vast\u00e8rent l’habitat yanomami. Le mercure, le trafic de drogue et la traite des femmes furent introduits. 250 tonnes d’or, d’une valeur de plus de 25 milliards de dollars, furent extraites. Pendant ce temps, la malnutrition infantile chez les autochtones d\u00e9passait 45 %. Des enfants sans nourriture, de l’or sans contr\u00f4le<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2000\u20132025 L’Arc Minier de l’Enfer<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

En 2016, l’Arc minier de l’Or\u00e9noque a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9galis\u00e9. Plus de 112\u00a0000 km\u00b2 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exploit\u00e9s. Des entreprises chinoises, russes et turques, ainsi que des groupes arm\u00e9s, op\u00e8rent sans r\u00e9glementation. Des disparitions, des viols, des pollutions et des meurtres sont signal\u00e9s. Depuis, 300 tonnes d’or ont \u00e9t\u00e9 export\u00e9es, pour une valeur de plus de 55 milliards de dollars. La contrebande annuelle d\u00e9passe les 50 tonnes. La mort a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9galis\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L’extermination silencieuse<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

En 1500, on comptait 2 millions d’autochtones. Aujourd’hui, ils sont moins de 550\u00a0000. De nombreux groupes ethniques ont disparu. Ceux qui subsistent vivent dans une extr\u00eame pauvret\u00e9, sans soins de sant\u00e9 ni \u00e9ducation bilingue. L’or les a mis de c\u00f4t\u00e9, l’histoire les a effac\u00e9s. L’\u00c9tat leur a tourn\u00e9 le dos. Tandis que les \u00e9lites parlaient d’une patrie, les peuples autochtones continuaient de mourir en silence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Qui a remport\u00e9 l’or<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’Espagne a saisi au moins 300 tonnes. Le Royaume-Uni et la France en ont saisi 150 autres. Les \u00c9tats-Unis et le Canada ont \u00e9galement saisi environ 300 tonnes suppl\u00e9mentaires. Des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s telles que Yintai Gold, GR Mining et Rosgeo continuent d’extraire sans contr\u00f4le. Le total d\u00e9passe 1\u00a0300 tonnes, soit plus de 1\u00a0300 milliards de dollars. En incluant l’or de contrebande et l’or manquant, ce chiffre atteint 1\u00a0800 milliards de dollars. Pas un seul centime n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 restitu\u00e9 \u00e0 sa source.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9pilogue pour ceux qui n’ont pas d’\u00e9pilogue<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

L’or fut une trag\u00e9die. Il n’y eut ni justice ni r\u00e9paration. Seulement le pillage, l’oubli et la mort. Mais ils persistent. Ils r\u00e9sistent en silence, d\u00e9fendant une for\u00eat qui n’\u00e9tait pas la leur, mais qui faisait partie d’eux. Ils r\u00e9clament justice, pas la charit\u00e9. Ils r\u00e9clament des terres, pas des discours. Et ils exigent que l’or cesse d’\u00eatre une mal\u00e9diction.<\/span><\/p>\n

Parce qu’il n’y aura pas d’or pur tant qu’il y aura des gens baign\u00e9s dans le sang des autres.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Voir tous les articles de la S\u00e9rie Mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, \u00c9nergie, souverainet\u00e9, pouvoir <\/strong>ICI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Avant l’or, il y avait des villages. Apr\u00e8s l’or, il y eut des tombes, des for\u00eats bless\u00e9es et des noms effac\u00e9s de l’histoire. \u00c0 leur arriv\u00e9e, la civilisation \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u00e0. Lorsque les navires espagnols atteignirent les c\u00f4tes de ce…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2493,"featured_media":2630171,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,11386,100],"tags":[1077,8246,141580,34],"class_list":["post-2630160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amerique-du-sud","category-contenu-original","category-economie","tag-colonialisme","tag-or","tag-serie-matieres-premieres","tag-venezuela"],"yoast_head":"\nLes Autochtones du Venezuela et l'or vol\u00e9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Avant l'or, il y avait des villages. 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