{"id":2626390,"date":"2025-08-12T00:15:17","date_gmt":"2025-08-11T23:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=2626390"},"modified":"2025-08-13T17:12:14","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T16:12:14","slug":"la-bolivie-et-le-lithium-entre-fierte-et-patience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/la-bolivie-et-le-lithium-entre-fierte-et-patience\/","title":{"rendered":"La Bolivie et le lithium entre fiert\u00e9 et patience"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00ab Il n\u2019y a pas de pays sans destin s\u2019il pr\u00e9serve sa racine. Le lithium est la racine du XXIe si\u00e8cle. Et la Bolivie la tient d\u00e9j\u00e0 entre ses mains. \u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

R\u00e9serves estim\u00e9es : 23 millions de tonnes (33,6 % du total mondial), num\u00e9ro 1 mondial.
\nProduction 2023 : quasi nulle (0,0 % de la production mondiale).
\nValeur estim\u00e9e : plus de 460 milliards $US (33,6 % de la valeur mondiale)
\nDonn\u00e9es du Service g\u00e9ologique des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n

La Bolivie poss\u00e8de les plus grandes r\u00e9serves de lithium de la plan\u00e8te, mais n\u2019a pas encore de production industrielle significative ni de cha\u00eene de valeur consolid\u00e9e. Ce n\u2019est pas un pays pauvre, c\u2019est un pays pill\u00e9 avec une dignit\u00e9 intacte. Elle a les ressources, elle a l\u2019histoire et, surtout, elle a le lithium. Mais alors que le monde se pr\u00e9cipite sur le minerai blanc comme s\u2019il s\u2019agissait du sang des voitures \u00e9lectriques, la Bolivie avance \u00e0 son propre rythme. Cette patience, que certains consid\u00e8rent comme un retard, pourrait \u00eatre sa plus grande force.<\/p>\n

Le fameux triangle du lithium (Chili, Argentine, Bolivie) concentre plus de 60 % des r\u00e9serves mondiales. La Bolivie, avec le salar d\u2019\u00ab Uyuni \u00bb comme \u00e9picentre. Il existe \u00e9galement un potentiel dans les salars de Coipasa, \u00e0 Oruro, et de Pastos Grandes, \u00e0 Potos\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Salar d\u2019Uyuni : \u2248 21 millions de tonnes. Proportion du salar dans le total du pays : \u2248 91 %.<\/p>\n

Cela signifie que pratiquement toute la richesse en lithium de la Bolivie se trouve sous la surface du salar d\u2019Uyuni, le plus grand gisement unique de la plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

Pourtant, en 2023, la Bolivie n\u2019a encaiss\u00e9 qu\u2019environ 180 millions $US gr\u00e2ce au lithium et \u00e0 ses d\u00e9riv\u00e9s. La production a \u00e9t\u00e9 faible. Mais 100 % de ce chiffre reste entre les mains de l\u2019\u00c9tat. Il n\u2019y a pas de concessions priv\u00e9es. Toute la fili\u00e8re est sous le contr\u00f4le de Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB). Un mod\u00e8le souverain, certes, mais encore en d\u00e9veloppement. Et en d\u00e9bat, car chaque avanc\u00e9e \u00e9tatique d\u00e9range ceux qui voudraient g\u00e9rer le lithium comme ils ont g\u00e9r\u00e9 l\u2019argent ou le cuivre.<\/p>\n

Le lithium bolivien est plus difficile \u00e0 traiter. Il est plus m\u00e9lang\u00e9 au magn\u00e9sium, ce qui rend sa s\u00e9paration plus co\u00fbteuse. Il exige technologie, investissement et souverainet\u00e9. Et la Bolivie a pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 construire cette souverainet\u00e9 plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter l\u2019histoire de l\u2019\u00e9tain, du gaz ou de l\u2019argent. C\u2019est pourquoi le lithium est 100 % \u00e9tatique. Pas de SQM, pas d\u2019Albemarle. Aucun priv\u00e9 ne peut l\u2019exploiter sans s\u2019associer \u00e0 YLB. Pas de concessions ouvertes. Uniquement un \u00c9tat qui a choisi d\u2019\u00eatre propri\u00e9taire de son sous-sol.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, YLB exploite trois usines cl\u00e9s :<\/p>\n

1. Usine pilote de carbonate de lithium \u00e0 Llipi, Potos\u00ed.
\n2. Usine industrielle de chlorure de potassium inaugur\u00e9e en 2018.
\n3. Usine industrielle de carbonate de lithium, entr\u00e9e en op\u00e9ration en 2023.<\/p>\n

En 2023, la Bolivie n\u2019a produit que 1 400 tonnes de carbonate de lithium. Bien en dessous des 40 000 \u00e0 60 000 tonnes produites par l\u2019Argentine ou le Chili. L\u2019objectif officiel est d\u2019atteindre 100 000 tonnes annuelles d\u2019ici 2030, avec des usines modernes et la technologie DLE (extraction directe).<\/p>\n

Pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer ce chemin, la Bolivie a sign\u00e9 deux accords strat\u00e9giques :<\/p>\n

L\u2019un avec le consortium chinois CATL BRUNP CMOC pour 1,4 milliard $US afin de construire deux usines avec technologie DLE, et un autre avec l\u2019entreprise russe Uranium One Group, du g\u00e9ant \u00e9tatique Rosatom, pour d\u00e9velopper de nouveaux projets. Les deux respectent la souverainet\u00e9 nationale. YLB conserve le contr\u00f4le des ressources et participe aux b\u00e9n\u00e9fices. La Chine et la Russie apportent la technologie, mais ne repartent ni avec le salar ni avec la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. Chaque usine pr\u00e9vue aura une capacit\u00e9 de 25 000 tonnes par an, rapprochant la Bolivie des grands producteurs vers 2026\u20132027.<\/p>\n

Mais la Bolivie ne veut pas \u00eatre seulement exportatrice de saumure. Son objectif est de cr\u00e9er une cha\u00eene de valeur compl\u00e8te, de la saumure jusqu\u2019aux batteries et voitures \u00e9lectriques. En 2019, elle a d\u00e9j\u00e0 inaugur\u00e9 sa premi\u00e8re usine pilote de batteries. Aujourd\u2019hui, elle cherche \u00e0 attirer des usines de cathodes, d\u2019\u00e9lectrolytes, de composants strat\u00e9giques et d\u2019assemblage de batteries compl\u00e8tes.<\/p>\n

Ambitieux ? Oui. Lent ? Aussi. Digne ? Absolument.<\/p>\n

La Bolivie veut que le lithium g\u00e9n\u00e8re emploi, technologie et souverainet\u00e9. Qu\u2019il ne finisse pas entre les mains de multinationales op\u00e9rant depuis des paradis fiscaux. Et cela d\u00e9range. Car il y a des pays, et des entreprises, qui pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent un lithium sans la Bolivie. Ou une Bolivie sans \u00c9tat.<\/p>\n

Que manque-t-il ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des usines actuelles.
\n2. Surmonter les goulots technologiques dans l\u2019extraction.
\n3. \u00c9largir les infrastructures logistiques.
\n4. Former davantage de techniciens et scientifiques nationaux.
\n5. Acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la mise en service de nouvelles usines.<\/p>\n

Et surtout, blinder politiquement la souverainet\u00e9 sur le lithium. Car chaque fois que la Bolivie avance, une crise, un sabotage, un coup d\u2019\u00c9tat ou une campagne internationale surgit. Cela s\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 produit en 2019. Le lithium n\u2019est pas seulement un minerai. C\u2019est de la g\u00e9opolitique.<\/p>\n

Le salar se tait, mais n\u2019oublie pas. \u00c0 chaque aube blanche sur Uyuni, le lithium rappelle qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9vapor\u00e9 mille fois par le soleil, mais jamais par l\u2019oubli.<\/p>\n

La Bolivie a la ressource. Elle a la dignit\u00e9. Elle a l\u2019histoire. Il ne lui manque que le temps. Et le temps, parfois, se range du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de ceux qui ne trahissent pas leur racine.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Voir d’autres articles sur le lithium et la g\u00e9opolitique ICI<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Et la Bolivie la tient d\u00e9j\u00e0 entre ses mains. \u00bb","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/la-bolivie-et-le-lithium-entre-fierte-et-patience\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/la-bolivie-et-le-lithium-entre-fierte-et-patience\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/08\/la-bolivie-et-le-lithium-entre-fierte-et-patience\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2023062573ba6691a4ee4e3f8342341dba299d49_a2a0bf51-b56b-4f60-9d90-848531f78a29.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/2023062573ba6691a4ee4e3f8342341dba299d49_a2a0bf51-b56b-4f60-9d90-848531f78a29.jpg","width":499,"height":356,"caption":"(110405) -- SALAR DE UYUNI, mayo 04, 2011 (Xinhua) -- Dos hombres caminan sobre el Salar de Uyuni, el mayor desierto de sal del mundo, est\u00a8\u00a2 situado a 3.650 metros de altura de la regi\u00a8\u00aen del sudoeste de Bolivia, sobre la Cordillera de los Andes, el 04 de mayo de 2011. 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