{"id":2621953,"date":"2025-07-25T19:43:56","date_gmt":"2025-07-25T18:43:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=2621953"},"modified":"2025-07-25T20:01:21","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T19:01:21","slug":"international-court-of-justice-icj-ruled-that-states-have-an-obligation-to-protect-the-environment-from-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2025\/07\/international-court-of-justice-icj-ruled-that-states-have-an-obligation-to-protect-the-environment-from-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions\/","title":{"rendered":"La Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ) a statu\u00e9: les \u00c9tats ont l’obligation de prot\u00e9ger l’environnement des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES)"},"content":{"rendered":"

La Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ) de La Haye, aux Pays-Bas, a rendu mercredi son avis consultatif sur les obligations des \u00c9tats face aux changements climatiques, lu par le pr\u00e9sident de la Cour, le juge Iwasawa Yuji.<\/p>\n

La principale instance judiciaire des Nations Unies a statu\u00e9 que les \u00c9tats ont l’obligation de prot\u00e9ger l’environnement des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) et d’agir avec la diligence et avec la coop\u00e9ration n\u00e9cessaires pour s’acquitter de cette obligation.<\/p>\n

Cela inclut l’obligation, pr\u00e9vue par l’Accord de Paris sur les changements climatiques, de limiter le r\u00e9chauffement climatique \u00e0 1,5 \u00b0C par rapport aux niveaux pr\u00e9industriels.<\/p>\n

La Cour a \u00e9galement statu\u00e9 que si les \u00c9tats manquent \u00e0 ces obligations, ils engagent leur responsabilit\u00e9 juridique et peuvent \u00eatre tenus de mettre fin \u00e0 leur comportement illicite et d’offrir des garanties de non-r\u00e9p\u00e9tition et d’accorder une r\u00e9paration int\u00e9grale, selon les circonstances.<\/p>\n

Une victoire pour notre plan\u00e8te<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Le secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Nations Unies, Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, a publi\u00e9 un message vid\u00e9o saluant cette d\u00e9cision historique, rendue au lendemain d’un discours sp\u00e9cial qu’il a prononc\u00e9 devant les \u00c9tats membres sur l’in\u00e9luctable transition mondiale vers les \u00e9nergies renouvelables.<\/p>\n

C’est une victoire pour notre plan\u00e8te, pour la justice climatique et pour le pouvoir des jeunes de faire une diff\u00e9rence , a-t-il d\u00e9clar\u00e9.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Argumentaire de la Cour<\/strong><\/em>
\nLa Cour a invoqu\u00e9 les engagements des \u00c9tats membres envers les trait\u00e9s environnementaux et les trait\u00e9s relatifs aux droits de la personne pour justifier la d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n

Tout d’abord, les \u00c9tats membres sont signataires de divers trait\u00e9s environnementaux, notamment les trait\u00e9s sur la couche d’ozone, la Convention sur la biodiversit\u00e9, le Protocole de Kyoto, l’Accord de Paris et bien d’autres, qui les obligent \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger l’environnement des populations de la plan\u00e8te et des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures.<\/p>\n

Mais aussi, parce qu’un environnement propre, sain et durable est une condition pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 la jouissance de nombreux droits humains, les \u00c9tats membres \u00e9tant parties \u00e0 de nombreux trait\u00e9s relatifs aux droits humains, dont la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l’homme, ils sont tenus de garantir la jouissance de ces droits en luttant contre le changement climatique.<\/p>\n

Contexte de la demande devant le cour<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Tout a commenc\u00e9 avec 27 \u00e9tudiants en droit \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 du Pacifique, qui ont transform\u00e9 leur angoisse du futur en action. Depuis leur salle de classe ils ont lanc\u00e9 la campagne Climate ICJAO,<\/em> transformant leurs frustrations en action pour la justice en un mouvement mondial de solidarit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Nous exigeons la justice climatique devant la CIJ car, depuis trop longtemps, les principaux responsables de la crise climatique ignorent leurs obligations, tandis que nos foyers, nos cultures, notre identit\u00e9 \u2013 et m\u00eame des avenirs entiers \u2013 disparaissent. On se bat pour nos enfants, nos foyers et pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures. (source: site internet<\/a>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

En septembre 2021, l’\u00c9tat insulaire du Vanuatu, dans le Pacifique, a annonc\u00e9 qu’un avis consultatif \u00e0 la Cour sur le changement climatique avait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9. Cette initiative a \u00e9t\u00e9 inspir\u00e9e par les \u00c9tudiants des \u00eeles du Pacifique luttant contre les changements climatiques<\/em> , qui souligne la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’agir de lutter contre les changements climatiques, dans les petits \u00c9tats insulaires directement touch\u00e9s par le changement du niveau des oc\u00e9ans.<\/p>\n

En 2023, les gouvernements du Vanuatu et d’autres \u00eeles vuln\u00e9rables au changement climatique (Fidji, Niue, \u00celes Salomon, Tonga et Tuvalu) ont lanc\u00e9 l’Appel de Port-Vila pour une transition juste vers un Pacifique sans combustibles fossiles<\/em>, appelant \u00e0 l’\u00e9limination progressive des combustibles fossiles et \u00e0 une transition rapide et juste vers les \u00e9nergies renouvelables,<\/em> ainsi qu’au renforcement du droit de l’environnement, notamment en criminalisant l’\u00e9cocide. (1)<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir fait pression sur d’autres \u00c9tats membres de l’ONU pour qu’ils soutiennent cette initiative \u00e0 l’Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, le Vannuata a adopt\u00e9, le 29 mars 2023, une r\u00e9solution demandant un avis consultatif \u00e0 la CIJ sur deux questions\u00a0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Quelles sont les obligations des \u00c9tats en vertu du droit international en mati\u00e8re de protection de l’environnement ? et<\/li>\n
  2. Quelles sont les cons\u00e9quences juridiques pour les \u00c9tats, en vertu de ces obligations, lorsqu’ils causent des dommages \u00e0 l’environnement\u00a0?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    La Charte des Nations Unies autorise l’Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou le Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e0 demander un avis consultatif \u00e0 la CIJ. Bien que non contraignants, les avis consultatifs ont une autorit\u00e9 juridique et morale consid\u00e9rable et contribuent \u00e0 clarifier et \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper le droit international en d\u00e9finissant les obligations juridiques des \u00c9tats.<\/p>\n

    Il s’agit de l’affaire la plus importante jamais port\u00e9e devant la CIJ, comme en t\u00e9moigne le nombre de d\u00e9clarations \u00e9crites et d’\u00c9tats ayant particip\u00e9 aux proc\u00e9dures orales.<\/p>\n

    La Cour mondiale<\/em><\/strong>
    \nLa CIJ, mieux connue sous le nom de Cour mondiale<\/em>, r\u00e8gle les diff\u00e9rends juridiques entre les \u00c9tats membres de l’ONU et \u00e9met des avis consultatifs sur les questions juridiques qui lui sont soumises par les organes et agences des Nations Unies.<\/p>\n

    C’est l’un des six principaux organes de l’ONU aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de l’Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, du Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, du Conseil \u00e9conomique et social (ECOSOC), du Conseil de tutelle et du Secr\u00e9tariat et c’est le seul \u00e0 ne pas \u00eatre bas\u00e9 \u00e0 New York.<\/p>\n

    ________________________________________<\/p>\n

    (1) Source: wikipedia<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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