{"id":1694452,"date":"2022-11-17T22:55:43","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T22:55:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=1694452"},"modified":"2023-01-15T09:27:53","modified_gmt":"2023-01-15T09:27:53","slug":"lafrique-une-histoire-a-redecouvrir-11-tombouctou-cite-du-savoir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2022\/11\/lafrique-une-histoire-a-redecouvrir-11-tombouctou-cite-du-savoir\/","title":{"rendered":"L’Afrique, une histoire \u00e0 red\u00e9couvrir. 11 – Tombouctou, Cit\u00e9 du Savoir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tout d’abord, je tiens \u00e0 rendre hommage \u00e0 mon professeur Nioussire Kalala Omoutunde, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 15 novembre 2022 : sans vous, je n’aurais pas red\u00e9couvert le Kama (Afrique). Vous nous laissez un immense h\u00e9ritage.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Les origines de Tombouctou<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les origines de Tombouctou nous parlent de la l\u00e9gende du Ouagadou et d’une unit\u00e9 remontant \u00e0 l’\u00c9gypte des pharaons. Les Sonink\u00e9s, les Songha\u00efs et les Malink\u00e9s se fr\u00e9quentaient en tant que confr\u00e9ries ou familles li\u00e9es par le commerce de l’or, de l’ivoire et des m\u00e9taux. Le nom de Tombouctou a deux d\u00e9finitions : pour les Touaregs, il signifie puits et aussi femme, mais selon une autre source, c’\u00e9tait la ville des initi\u00e9s bien avant l’arriv\u00e9e d’autres peuples.\u00a0 Selon l’initi\u00e9 malien Amadou Hamp\u00e2t\u00e9 B\u00e2, l’origine du Tombouctou se trouve dans l’architecture soudanaise.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9clin de l’Empire Ouagadou, connu en Europe et en Arabie sous le nom d’Empire du Ghana, un autre grand \u00e9v\u00e9nement allait jouer un r\u00f4le important : la victoire de l’Empereur Sundiata Keita sur Sumanguru Kante, avec la cr\u00e9ation de l’Empire du Mali sur un territoire plus grand que l’Union europ\u00e9enne et la r\u00e9daction de la Charte du Manden, bas\u00e9e sur des id\u00e9es avanc\u00e9es pour l’\u00e9poque et r\u00e9volutionnaires encore aujourd’hui.<\/p>\n

La ville attirera plus tard d’autres peuples, principalement par le biais du commerce, notamment les Touaregs et le monde musulman. Les sources locales font remonter son origine au 7e si\u00e8cle, bien avant 1100, date g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 sa fondation par les Touaregs.<\/p>\n

Outre Tombouctou, il y avait d’autres villes, comme Djenn\u00e9, Sankore, Gao et Djingareyber – cette derni\u00e8re construite par l’empereur Kankan Moussa. Au 14e si\u00e8cle, gar\u00e7ons et filles \u00e9tudiaient la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, l’arithm\u00e9tique, l’alg\u00e8bre, l’histoire et les sciences. Avec la conversion \u00e0 l’Islam des empereurs suivant Sundiata Keita, l’\u00e9tude du Coran a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Djenn\u00e9. Photo : Francesco Bandarin<\/em><\/p>\n

Universit\u00e9s ouvertes aux femmes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Il y avait \u00e9galement des centaines d’\u00e9coles et d’universit\u00e9s : les royaumes voisins y envoyaient leurs enfants pour \u00e9tudier, tout comme les cours espagnoles et fran\u00e7aises et l’Arabie. De nombreux savants, tels que Mohamed El Amin et Abderaman Sadi, ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 \u00e0 Tombouctou et l’Europe a pu red\u00e9couvrir les textes d’Aristote. Et tout cela dans une atmosph\u00e8re paisible. Les manuscrits de Tombouctou r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les universit\u00e9s \u00e9taient ouvertes aux femmes et que les sujets d’\u00e9tude comprenaient l’astronomie, la m\u00e9decine, le droit, les math\u00e9matiques, etc. Il y avait aussi des mausol\u00e9es soufis, repr\u00e9sentants d’un islam ouvert, pr\u00eat \u00e0 accepter et \u00e0 se confronter \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes cultures et religions. Les \u00e9crits en arabe ont \u00e9galement permis de lire une partie de l’histoire \u00e9crite par les Africains eux-m\u00eames.<\/p>\n

Ahmed Baba, le grand sage<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00e9 vers 1556, Ahmed Baba \u00e9tait le plus grand recteur de l’universit\u00e9 de Tombouctou, fond\u00e9e au 12e si\u00e8cle, un homme d’une grande intelligence et d’un grand savoir, un ma\u00eetre de la jurisprudence, de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, de l’astronomie et de la m\u00e9decine. Il a rassembl\u00e9 plus de 1 600 manuscrits et en a \u00e9crit plus de 500. Convaincu que les diff\u00e9rences ethniques sont moins importantes que la connaissance, il s’est efforc\u00e9 de maintenir l’unit\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rents groupes ethniques qui coexistaient \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque \u00e0 Tombouctou.<\/p>\n

Un patrimoine mondial<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les universit\u00e9s de Sankor\u00e9 – cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1325, devenue plus tard une mosqu\u00e9e – Djenn\u00e9 – encore plus ancienne – Gao et Tombouctou ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9es avant de nombreuses universit\u00e9s occidentales et constituent un patrimoine mondial \u00e0 pr\u00e9server et \u00e0 honorer. Il ne faut pas oublier que Kama, ou \u00ab\u00a0terre des Noirs\u00a0\u00bb, le vrai nom du continent africain, abritait de nombreux centres de connaissances humaines.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Voir toutes les parties de la s\u00e9rie \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019Afrique, une histoire \u00e0 red\u00e9couvrir\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong>ICI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tout d’abord, je tiens \u00e0 rendre hommage \u00e0 mon professeur Nioussire Kalala Omoutunde, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 15 novembre 2022 : sans vous, je n’aurais pas red\u00e9couvert le Kama (Afrique). Vous nous laissez un immense h\u00e9ritage.\u00a0 Les origines de Tombouctou Les origines…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1519,"featured_media":1694455,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83,11386,94],"tags":[1600,107672,107674,107673,3522],"class_list":["post-1694452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa-fr","category-contenu-original","category-culture-fr","tag-femmes","tag-histoires-africaines","tag-kama-fr","tag-tombouctou","tag-universite"],"yoast_head":"\nL'Afrique, une histoire \u00e0 red\u00e9couvrir. 11 - Tombouctou, Cit\u00e9 du Savoir<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tout d'abord, je tiens \u00e0 rendre hommage \u00e0 mon professeur Nioussire Kalala Omoutunde, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 15 novembre 2022 : sans vous, je n'aurais pas red\u00e9couvert\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2022\/11\/lafrique-une-histoire-a-redecouvrir-11-tombouctou-cite-du-savoir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'Afrique, une histoire \u00e0 red\u00e9couvrir. 11 - 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