{"id":16209,"date":"2012-09-10T16:57:40","date_gmt":"2012-09-10T16:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=16209"},"modified":"2012-09-10T17:04:00","modified_gmt":"2012-09-10T17:04:00","slug":"le-pluralisme-reel-ne-peut-se-developper-dans-un-cadre-de-regulation-herite-de-la-dictature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2012\/09\/le-pluralisme-reel-ne-peut-se-developper-dans-un-cadre-de-regulation-herite-de-la-dictature\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cLe pluralisme r\u00e9el ne peut se d\u00e9velopper dans un cadre de r\u00e9gulation h\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la dictature\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
A l\u2019heure o\u00f9 le Chili se rem\u00e9more le coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 11 septembre 1973, Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res appelle solennellement les autorit\u00e9s politiques et administratives – en lien avec les organisations professionnelles et les repr\u00e9sentants concern\u00e9s de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile – \u00e0 promouvoir un nouveau cadre r\u00e9gulateur en mati\u00e8re de communication. L\u2019espoir d\u2019un pluralisme r\u00e9el, tenant compte de la diversit\u00e9 des moyens d\u2019expression et d\u2019information, ne peut avoir lieu dans un statu quo h\u00e9rit\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es Pinochet (1973-1990), et dont la remise en cause est aussi au principe des mouvements sociaux actuels.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u201cLa d\u00e9p\u00e9nalisation des d\u00e9lits de presse, en particulier la diffamation, reste d\u2019actualit\u00e9 au Chili, quand l\u2019Argentine<\/a>\u00a0 ou le Br\u00e9sil <\/a> ont franchi le pas en 2009.<\/div>\n

A cet enjeu s\u2019ajoute celui, primordial, d\u2019une l\u00e9gislation assurant l\u2019\u00e9quilibre de l\u2019espace de diffusion pour les diff\u00e9rents types de m\u00e9dias, de statut public, priv\u00e9 ou communautaire. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res en a soutenu le principe dans d\u2019autres pays de la r\u00e9gion, o\u00f9 une telle loi est soit adopt\u00e9e<\/a>, soit \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude<\/a>, tout en demeurant tr\u00e8s vigilante quant \u00e0 ses conditions d\u2019application. La recherche d\u2019\u00e9quilibre doit s\u2019accompagner de garanties d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance\u201d, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l\u2019organisation.<\/p>\n

[media-credit name=\u00a0\u00bbhttp:\/\/bit.ly\/P5fQoK\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbaligncenter\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb499″]\"\"<\/a>http:\/\/bit.ly\/P5fQoK<\/span><\/p>\n

La fin des m\u00e9dias publics ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9bat resurgit alors que s\u2019annonce la liquidation d\u00e9finitive, le 24 septembre prochain, du quotidien La Naci\u00f3n, employant une trentaine de journalistes, et d\u00e9tenu \u00e0 70 % par l\u2019\u00c9tat et \u00e0 30 % par des actionnaires priv\u00e9s. Le d\u00e9but de pr\u00e9sidence de Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era, en 2010, a sign\u00e9 la fin de l\u2019\u00e9dition imprim\u00e9e du journal, dont ne subsiste plus que la version en ligne<\/a>. La disparition programm\u00e9e de La Naci\u00f3n fait notamment craindre aux organisations professionnelles le renforcement d\u2019une concentration d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9e de la presse \u00e9crite au seul avantage des deux groupes priv\u00e9s nationaux dominants : El Mercurio et Copesa (\u00e9diteur du quotidien La Tercera). Dans le domaine audiovisuel, la m\u00eame crainte porte sur la privatisation de la T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Nationale (TVN), qui pourrait bient\u00f4t faire l\u2019objet d\u2019une loi.<\/p>\n

Radios communautaires en marge<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9cret loi 20.433 de mai 2010, instituant les Services de radiodiffusion communautaire et citoyenne, devrait en th\u00e9orie permettre au sous-secr\u00e9tariat aux t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (Subtel) de d\u00e9gager un espace de fr\u00e9quences pour les radios communautaires d\u2019une puissance inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 25 watts. Ce projet implique la n\u00e9cessaire cession ou r\u00e9affectation de fr\u00e9quences, le consortium Iberoamericana Radio Chile (propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du groupe espagnol PRISA) en d\u00e9tenant \u00e0 lui seul 211.<\/p>\n

Or, le 21 ao\u00fbt dernier, PRISA a refus\u00e9 de signer un accord en ce sens, \u00e9labor\u00e9 pendant un an par la Subtel et des repr\u00e9sentant du secteur radiophonique. Rejetant des ajustements techniques pour ses propres radios, le groupe a subordonn\u00e9 son approbation du texte \u00e0 la garantie de renouvellement de certaines de ses fr\u00e9quences, dont doit d\u00e9cider la Cour d\u2019appel de Santiago. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res se joint \u00e0 l\u2019Association mondiale des radiodiffuseurs communautaires (AMARC) pour exiger l\u2019application de l\u2019accord \u00e9tabli par la Subtel, \u00e0 laquelle PRISA n\u2019a pas \u00e0 dicter ses conditions.<\/p>\n

L\u2019autre principal probl\u00e8me pour les diffuseurs communautaires concerne le tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pressif article 36B de la loi g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications 18.168. Celle-ci, adopt\u00e9e en 1982 sous la dictature, pr\u00e9voit toujours des peines de prison ferme en cas de diffusion sans fr\u00e9quence l\u00e9gale. C\u2019est notamment \u00e0 l\u2019appui de l\u2019article 36B qu\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confisqu\u00e9s, le 28 ao\u00fbt dernier \u00e0 Collipulli (Araucanie), les \u00e9quipements de la station communautaire Radio Vecina, et son repr\u00e9sentant V\u00edctor D\u00edaz d\u00e9tenu pendant dix heures. Trois autres cas r\u00e9cents de menaces d\u2019application de l\u2019article 36B ont \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9s \u00e0 la connaissance de Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res : celui de la radio indig\u00e8ne Mapuche Kimche Mapu, toujours en Araucanie, celui de Radio L\u00f3gica en r\u00e9gion m\u00e9tropolitaine (Santiago) et celui de Radio Gal\u00e1ctika dans les environs de Valpara\u00edso. L\u2019organisation r\u00e9clame l\u2019abrogation pure et simple d\u2019une disposition l\u00e9gale criminalisant de petits m\u00e9dias qui attendent, pour beaucoup, leur r\u00e9gularisation depuis plus de dix ans.<\/p>\n

Enfin, alors que les protestations sociales et \u00e9tudiantes reprennent de l\u2019ampleur, Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res esp\u00e8re ne pas voir se reproduire les d\u00e9tentions, parfois brutales, de photographes pr\u00e9sents dans les cort\u00e8ges, comme celles des deux ind\u00e9pendants Juan Pablo Reyes et Tamara Carrasco, le 26 ao\u00fbt ; celle du photographe de La Naci\u00f3n Esteban Garay, le 28 ao\u00fbt ; ou encore celle, le lendemain, de son coll\u00e8gue du site Factor Absoluto<\/a> V\u00edctor Arce.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A l\u2019heure o\u00f9 le Chili se rem\u00e9more le coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 11 septembre 1973, Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res appelle solennellement les autorit\u00e9s politiques et administratives – en lien avec les organisations professionnelles et les repr\u00e9sentants concern\u00e9s de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile –…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":524,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[524,519,525],"class_list":["post-16209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-fr","tag-censure","tag-liberte-dexpression","tag-radio-communautaire"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cLe pluralisme r\u00e9el ne peut se d\u00e9velopper dans un cadre de r\u00e9gulation h\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la dictature\u201d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A l\u2019heure o\u00f9 le Chili se rem\u00e9more le coup d\u2019\u00c9tat du 11 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