{"id":1413330,"date":"2021-08-18T21:39:16","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T20:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=1413330"},"modified":"2021-08-20T21:11:37","modified_gmt":"2021-08-20T20:11:37","slug":"kenneth-kaunda-un-humaniste-africain-qui-se-reclamait-de-gandhi-partie-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2021\/08\/kenneth-kaunda-un-humaniste-africain-qui-se-reclamait-de-gandhi-partie-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Kenneth Kaunda, un humaniste africain qui se r\u00e9clamait de Gandhi – partie III"},"content":{"rendered":"

Il y a quelques semaines disparaissait l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident de la Zambie Kenneth Kaunda. Assez m\u00e9connu en dehors de l\u2019espace anglophone, ce dernier m\u00e9rite mieux qu\u2019un bref paragraphe dans les livres d\u2019histoire.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaunda fut d\u2019abord le leader du mouvement qui amena \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, la Rhod\u00e9sie du Nord, alors colonie britannique, en 1964, sous le nom de Zambie. Il en devint le premier pr\u00e9sident et devait le rester jusqu\u2019en 1991.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pressenza revient sur le parcours de cette grande figure de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des ind\u00e9pendances qui se r\u00e9clamait de l\u2019humanisme et dont l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, avec ses zones d\u2019ombre et de lumi\u00e8re, est digne d\u2019\u00eatre reconnue. Nous avons interrog\u00e9 l\u2019historien et militant panafricain Amzat Boukari-Yabara qui nous restitue les moments les plus significatifs de ce parcours.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nous terminons aujourd\u2019hui en examinant ce qu\u2019est l\u2019h\u00e9ritage du p\u00e8re de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance zambienne.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les relations de son gouvernement avec les pays occidentaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fluctuantes. Comment caract\u00e9riser sa politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re ?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Fluctuantes, car guid\u00e9es par les rapports de force et les int\u00e9r\u00eats strat\u00e9giques du moment. La diplomatie de Kaunda alli\u00e9 pragmatisme et r\u00e9alisme constructif. Lors de son premier voyage officiel en tant que chef d\u2019\u00c9tat, il se rend notamment au Vatican, \u00e0 Londres puis \u00e0 New York pour l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies. Tout en organisant de nombreuses m\u00e9diations inter-africaines, Kaunda m\u00e8ne un bras de fer diplomatique constant avec Londres pour imposer des sanctions aux r\u00e9gimes rhod\u00e9sien et sud-africain. <\/span><\/p>\n

Avant ce premier voyage, Kaunda s\u2019\u00e9tait rendu au printemps 1964 \u00e0 Paris puis \u00e0 Belgrade. Re\u00e7u \u00e0 Matignon par George Pompidou, il cherche \u00e0 attirer des investisseurs et des industriels pour d\u00e9velopper les infrastructures de transformation de son pays, notamment dans le domaine carbochimique, en pr\u00e9vision de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Plus tard, Kaunda s\u2019opposera au financement fran\u00e7ais d\u2019un barrage au Mozambique qui servait les int\u00e9r\u00eats colonialistes portugais. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 la Yougoslavie de Tito, il accorde une concession mini\u00e8re et en 1970, le soutien logistique de Belgrade lui permet d\u2019organiser \u00e0 Lusaka la troisi\u00e8me conf\u00e9rence des non-align\u00e9s. Kaunda se rapproche aussi de la Chine de Mao afin de r\u00e9aliser la construction de la ligne de chemin de fer reliant la Zambie au port tanzanien de Dar-es-Salaam. Kaunda rejette la politique d\u2019influence et d\u2019ing\u00e9rence des deux blocs, estimant qu\u2019il est impossible de se d\u00e9velopper et de s\u2019unir en ayant des ennemis ou en \u00e9tant sous la suspicion et l\u2019instrumentalisation permanente de Washington ou de Moscou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Au terme d\u2019\u00e9lections libres il est remplac\u00e9 par son opposant Frederick Chiluba en 1991. Pourquoi a-t-il perdu le pouvoir ?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019usure du pouvoir, la crise \u00e9conomique, les r\u00e9voltes populaires et les menaces de putsch militaire ont eu raison de lui. La chute du r\u00e9gime sud-africain d\u2019apartheid correspond aussi \u00e0 un moment de d\u00e9compression. Kaunda n\u2019\u00e9tait pas fondamentalement assoiff\u00e9 de pouvoir. Il avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 h\u00e9sit\u00e9 \u00e0 exercer la fonction de chef d\u2019\u00c9tat car il s\u2019imaginait plus en guide sur le mod\u00e8le de Gandhi. Il a \u00ab perdu le pouvoir \u00bb mais il a rouvert le pays au multipartisme en assurant une transition par les urnes. Kaunda a soulign\u00e9 avec malice que ceux qui l\u2019ont \u00e9vinc\u00e9 du pouvoir \u00e9taient bien redevables des politiques \u00e9ducatives qu\u2019il avait men\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ses engagements politiques ne se sont pas arr\u00eat\u00e9s avec son d\u00e9part de la pr\u00e9sidence. Comment se sont-ils poursuivis ?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kenneth Kaunda a \u00e9t\u00e9 dans l\u2019opposition au pr\u00e9sident Chiluba. Pour l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1996, un amendement constitutionnel qui interdit \u00e0 toute personne n\u00e9e de parents \u00e9trangers de se pr\u00e9senter vise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9carter de la course. L\u2019\u00e9lection est boycott\u00e9e par l\u2019UNIP qui subit des repr\u00e9sailles. Le jour de No\u00ebl 1997, Kaunda est arr\u00eat\u00e9 et d\u00e9tenu pendant cinq mois, sous le coup d\u2019une accusation de recel d\u2019informations dans un coup d\u2019\u00e9tat manqu\u00e9 en octobre 1997. Il b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie finalement d\u2019un non-lieu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaunda s\u2019engage ensuite en faveur de diff\u00e9rentes causes sociales. Ancien chef d\u2019\u00c9tat disposant d\u2019une r\u00e9putation tr\u00e8s positive \u00e0 l\u2019international, il intervient dans des forums sur la paix, le d\u00e9veloppement, la d\u00e9mocratie, ou dans la lutte contre le VIH\/Sida dont l\u2019un de ses fils est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 en 1987. Patriarche, grand m\u00e9lomane et musicien qui accompagna d\u2019ailleurs au piano la chanteuse sud-africaine Miriam Makeba, Kaunda a cultiv\u00e9 son image de sage et de doyen, tr\u00e8s sollicit\u00e9 et visit\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 son d\u00e9c\u00e8s.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaunda est le dernier des grands leaders africains de l\u2019\u00e9poque des ind\u00e9pendances \u00e0 dispara\u00eetre. Quel souvenir laisse-t-il aujourd\u2019hui dans son pays et sur le continent?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Le dernier des grands leaders peut se comprendre sous plusieurs angles. Kenneth Kaunda \u00e9tait probablement le plus \u00e2g\u00e9 des grands leaders et pr\u00e9sidents africains encore en vie. Il c\u00e8de cette place de doyen \u00e0 Sam Nujoma, l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident de la Namibie, n\u00e9 en 1929. Il reste encore quelques v\u00e9t\u00e9rans de la lutte contre le colonialisme et l\u2019apartheid mais le temps fait irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement son travail. Ces dirigeants qui ont pourtant affront\u00e9 le pire des r\u00e9gimes sont globalement inconnus par la grande majorit\u00e9 de la jeunesse africaine, surtout francophone, qui pr\u00e9f\u00e8re les figures martyrs \u00e9ternellement jeunes de Patrice Lumumba ou de Thomas Sankara. <\/span><\/p>\n

Il me semble que Kaunda, le \u00ab lion du Zamb\u00e8ze \u00bb, laisse le souvenir d\u2019un dirigeant pers\u00e9v\u00e9rant et ouvert au dialogue, peut-\u00eatre un peu trop parfois. Sa long\u00e9vit\u00e9 au pouvoir \u2013 et sa longue vie qui est le signe d\u2019une r\u00e9elle discipline \u2013 fait qu\u2019il sert tant\u00f4t comme une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, tant\u00f4t comme un sujet de controverse dans l\u2019histoire politique de son pays. Tout le monde reconna\u00eet n\u00e9anmoins sa stature de grand homme d\u2019\u00c9tat. Sur le plan du panafricanisme, il aura \u00e9t\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment constructif de l\u2019unit\u00e9 africaine, qui a toujours cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9passer les contradictions. Un homme de synth\u00e8se, mais comme tout homme politique, l\u2019h\u00e9ritage qu\u2019il laisse d\u00e9pendra surtout de ce qu\u2019en feront ses h\u00e9ritiers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voir aussi :<\/p>\n

Kenneth Kaunda, un humaniste africain qui se r\u00e9clamait de Gandhi \u2013 Partie I<\/a><\/p>\n

Kenneth Kaunda, un humaniste africain qui se r\u00e9clamait de Gandhi \u2013 Partie II<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Il y a quelques semaines disparaissait l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident de la Zambie Kenneth Kaunda. Assez m\u00e9connu en dehors de l\u2019espace anglophone, ce dernier m\u00e9rite mieux qu\u2019un bref paragraphe dans les livres d\u2019histoire. Kaunda fut d\u2019abord le leader du mouvement qui amena…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":940,"featured_media":1414516,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83,11386,1246,156,1248,95],"tags":[92140,4942],"class_list":["post-1413330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa-fr","category-contenu-original","category-humanisme-spiritualite","category-interview-fr","category-nonviolence-sujet","category-affaires-etrangeres","tag-kenneth-kaunda-fr","tag-zambie"],"yoast_head":"\nKenneth Kaunda, un humaniste africain qui se r\u00e9clamait de Gandhi - partie III<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Il y a quelques semaines disparaissait l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident de la Zambie Kenneth Kaunda. 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