{"id":1239812,"date":"2020-11-14T21:32:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-14T21:32:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=1239812"},"modified":"2021-09-16T16:01:33","modified_gmt":"2021-09-16T15:01:33","slug":"nagorno-karabakh-la-mediation-de-bonne-foi-est-vitale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2020\/11\/nagorno-karabakh-la-mediation-de-bonne-foi-est-vitale\/","title":{"rendered":"Nagorno-Karabakh : La m\u00e9diation de bonne foi est vitale"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 27 septembre 2020 marque le d\u00e9but d\u2019un nouveau conflit arm\u00e9 dans le Haut-Karabakh entre les forces de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, de la R\u00e9publique arm\u00e9nienne d\u2019Artsakh et de l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie. Le conflit a provoqu\u00e9 des pertes humaines et une destruction des habitations civiles. Sur les 150 000 personnes vivant dans la R\u00e9publique d\u2019Artsakh avant le d\u00e9but des combats un grand pourcentage de femmes et d\u2019enfants ont fui en Arm\u00e9nie. Il y a un r\u00e9el danger d\u2019escalade avec des cons\u00e9quences impr\u00e9vues et un danger d\u2019implication d\u2019autres \u00c9tats dans ce conflit en Caucase du Sud. Ainsi, le 27 octobre marque le d\u00e9but du deuxi\u00e8me mois de guerre.<\/p>\n

Le conflit ant\u00e9rieur de 1992-1994 qui a conduit \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de la R\u00e9publique arm\u00e9nienne d\u2019Artsakh au sein de ce qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 la R\u00e9publique sovi\u00e9tique d\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan a \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9clatement de l\u2019Union Sovi\u00e9tique et \u00e0 la fin des r\u00e9publiques bas\u00e9es sur des consid\u00e9rations ethniques ou des r\u00e9gions autonomes qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place en 1922 par Staline, alors Commissaire aux Nationalit\u00e9s[i]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Afin de mettre fin \u00e0 la guerre de 1992-1994 au cours de laquelle plus de 500 000 personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9es, l\u2019Organisation pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la coop\u00e9ration en Europe (OSCE) a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un comit\u00e9 de m\u00e9diation de 11 \u00c9tats appel\u00e9 le groupe de Minsk, dont la France, les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Russie sont copr\u00e9sidents. Le groupe de Minsk a organis\u00e9 un grand nombre de r\u00e9unions de m\u00e9diation, mais ces r\u00e9unions n\u2019ont conduit \u00e0 aucune modification de la situation dans ses grandes lignes ni \u00e0 une r\u00e9elle coop\u00e9ration entre l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan et l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie. Le groupe de Minsk \u00e9tait de plus en plus consid\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le Caucase comme inefficace. La frustration de l\u2019absence de progr\u00e8s a \u00e9t\u00e9 la plus forte parmi les dirigeants de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan en soutenant depuis 1994 que leur int\u00e9grit\u00e9 territoriale est viol\u00e9e par l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie. La r\u00e9ponse arm\u00e9nienne est que le Haut-Karabakh a une population majoritairement arm\u00e9nienne et qu\u2019ils ont droit \u00e0 l\u2019autod\u00e9termination. Dans le conflit actuel, chaque copr\u00e9sident a essay\u00e9 d\u2019organiser un cessez le feu, mais aucun cessez le feu n\u2019a eu lieu.<\/p>\n

Pour les copr\u00e9sidents du groupe de Minsk, il y a d\u2019autre pr\u00e9occupations. Les \u00c9tats-Unis sont impliqu\u00e9s dans les derni\u00e8res \u00e9tapes d\u2019une campagne pr\u00e9sidentielle en p\u00e9riode de troubles internes. La France est pr\u00e9occup\u00e9e par les conflits dans les \u00c9tats africains du Sahel o\u00f9 elle a des soldats engag\u00e9s ainsi que par les questions de sant\u00e9 et de terrorisme.\u00a0 La Russie ne veut pas \u00eatre per\u00e7ue comme soutenant l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie plus que l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan car elle a de bonnes relations \u00e9conomiques avec les deux pays. Elle a \u00e9galement des pr\u00e9occupations internes qui limitent son influence dans les conflits \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n

Ce qui diff\u00e8re aujourd\u2019hui de la guerre de 1992-1994, c\u2019est l\u2019implication directe de la Turquie du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan. L\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan utilise un grand nombre de drones turcs et a le monopole de l\u2019espace a\u00e9rien. Il est probable que la Turquie a \u00e9galement fourni des sp\u00e9cialistes de l\u2019utilisation des drones. En outre, la Turquie a facilit\u00e9 et soutenu l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de milices et de mercenaires en provenance de Syrie. Alors que beaucoup de mercenaires sont mal form\u00e9s, ils s\u2019ajoutent \u00e0 la puissance de feu de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan sans avoir \u00e0 utiliser des soldats turcs.<\/p>\n

Toujours dans le conflit actuel, l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan a le soutien de l\u2019Iran qu\u2019il n\u2019avait pas en 1992. Il y a une importante minorit\u00e9 azerba\u00efdjanaise en Iran qui milite pour le soutien actif de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan. Pour le moment, le soutien iranien n\u2019est que verbal mais peut \u00eatre important si la question du Haut-Karabakh est abord\u00e9e au sein des Nations Unies.<\/p>\n

Ce conflit arm\u00e9 a le potentiel de cr\u00e9er des tensions encore plus importantes dans une zone d\u00e9j\u00e0 tr\u00e8s tendue. La m\u00e9diation dans le but de cr\u00e9er des n\u00e9gociations de bonne foi est une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 vitale. Des mesures de confiance entre l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, la R\u00e9publique d\u2019Artsakh et l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie sont n\u00e9cessaires. Il est n\u00e9cessaire de franchir une s\u00e9rie d\u2019\u00e9tapes qui vont au-del\u00e0 d\u2019un cessez-le-feu. Il ne sera pas facile de parvenir \u00e0 un accord entre les parties sur ce qui pourrait constituer des mesures de confiance mais une s\u00e9rie de mesures sont des conditions pr\u00e9alables, n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la consolidation de la paix.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> Pour une bonne analyse des politiques de nationalit\u00e9 de Staline, voir : Helene Carrere d’Encausse, The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State 1917-1930<\/em> (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1992).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Traduction de l’anglais, Magali Sette<\/a><\/span>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Si vous souhaitez effectuer des traductions et participer<\/a> au projet de Pressenza<\/a>, \u00e9crire ici<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 27 septembre 2020 marque le d\u00e9but d\u2019un nouveau conflit arm\u00e9 dans le Haut-Karabakh entre les forces de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, de la R\u00e9publique arm\u00e9nienne d\u2019Artsakh et de l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie. Le conflit a provoqu\u00e9 des pertes humaines et une destruction des habitations civiles.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1322,"featured_media":1234459,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11386,85,163,1250],"tags":[83942,83941,83944,83943],"class_list":["post-1239812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contenu-original","category-europe-fr","category-opinion-fr","category-paix-desarmement","tag-artsakh","tag-azerbaidjan","tag-mediation-fr","tag-nagorno-karabakh-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nNagorno-Karabakh : La m\u00e9diation de bonne foi est vitale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le 27 septembre 2020 marque le d\u00e9but d\u2019un nouveau conflit arm\u00e9 dans le Haut-Karabakh entre les forces de l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, de la R\u00e9publique arm\u00e9nienne\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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