{"id":1155387,"date":"2020-07-09T00:14:28","date_gmt":"2020-07-08T23:14:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=1155387"},"modified":"2020-07-09T06:48:20","modified_gmt":"2020-07-09T05:48:20","slug":"lesprit-de-limage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/2020\/07\/lesprit-de-limage\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019esprit de l\u2019image"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dans la langue yanomami, qui est l\u2019une des six langues de la famille des langues yanomami, le mot \u00ab\u00a0utu\u00a0\u00bb signifie ombre, et aussi esprit. Dans la culture Yanomami, tout a un esprit, que ce soit un objet, un animal ou un \u00e9l\u00e9ment de la nature. Lorsque quelqu\u2019un meurt, tout ce qui lui appartenait doit dispara\u00eetre avec lui : les biens mat\u00e9riels sont d\u00e9truits ou br\u00fbl\u00e9s, la ferme est d\u00e9truite, les pavillons de chasse sont br\u00fbl\u00e9s, les traces sont effac\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s le contact avec l\u2019homme blanc, le terme \u00ab\u00a0utu\u00a0\u00bb a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre utilis\u00e9, par extension, pour d\u00e9signer la photographie, la diapositive, l\u2019image reproduite. Pendant les quatre ans et demi o\u00f9 j\u2019ai v\u00e9cu parmi eux, j\u2019ai pris relativement peu de photos. Les Yanomami n\u2019aimaient pas \u00eatre photographi\u00e9s car ils craignaient que les auteurs et les propri\u00e9taires des photos ne respectent pas le tabou culturel, tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, selon lequel, s\u2019il ne restait qu\u2019une seule photo, l\u2019esprit des morts ne pouvait pas atteindre la dimension qu\u2019ils appelaient \u00ab\u00a0terre d\u2019en haut\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Les neuf images rassembl\u00e9es ici datent de la fin des ann\u00e9es 70 et du d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 80 du si\u00e8cle dernier. Elles pourraient \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s avec un int\u00e9r\u00eat scientifique comme un dossier ethno-photographique, mais je les propose pour des raisons sentimentales : j\u2019ai pris la d\u00e9cision d\u2019aller travailler avec les Yanomami apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9duite par les belles et intrigantes photographies prises par d\u2019autres personnes qui \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 en interaction avec eux.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1139732 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.LMS_.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"1133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.LMS_.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.LMS_-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/6.LMS_-651x1024.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>J\u2019esp\u00e8re que les observateurs de mes photos pourront aller au-del\u00e0 des apparences, au-del\u00e0 des formes. Je voudrais qu\u2019ils voient les Yanomami comme je les vois : des femmes, des enfants, des hommes, des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es dans des attitudes simples et quotidiennes, en rien inf\u00e9rieurs aux autres, seulement diff\u00e9rents dans leur sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 culturelle ; des \u00eatres humains toujours menac\u00e9s de g\u00e9nocide et d\u2019ethnocide par l\u2019homme blanc qui veut les acculturer, les \u00e9vang\u00e9liser, d\u00e9truire les for\u00eats, piller les sous-sols au nom d\u2019une pr\u00e9tendue sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 culturelle.<\/p>\n<p>Parfois, m\u00eame la presse s\u2019en prend aux autochtones, lorsqu\u2019elle utilise des clich\u00e9s, des termes banals, superficiels, folkloriques, discriminatoires, sensationnalistes. Si nous avions l\u2019humilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9couter les Yanomami, d\u2019observer leur relation sacr\u00e9e avec la nature et tous les esprits qui la composent, nous cesserions d\u2019utiliser le mot \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9cologie\u00a0\u00bb n\u2019importe comment ; un mot qui pour les Occidentaux n\u2019est qu\u2019un simple mot \u00e0 la mode. Pour les Yanomami, et d\u2019autres peuples autochtones, l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9cologie\u00a0\u00bb est un mode de vie, et le fait qu\u2019ils ont pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 la for\u00eat amazonienne intacte jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour en est la preuve.<\/p>\n<div class=\"post-gallery\">\n\t\t\t<figure class=\"post-gallery-item\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/5.LMS_.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t<figure class=\"post-gallery-item\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1.LMS_.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t<figure class=\"post-gallery-item\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2.LMS_.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t<figure class=\"post-gallery-item\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3.LMS_.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t<\/figure><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Traduction de l&rsquo;espagnol, Silvia Ben\u00edtez<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans la langue yanomami, qui est l\u2019une des six langues de la famille des langues yanomami, le mot \u00ab\u00a0utu\u00a0\u00bb signifie ombre, et aussi esprit. Dans la culture Yanomami, tout a un esprit, que ce soit un objet, un animal ou&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1320,"featured_media":1155515,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,11386,94,99],"tags":[3166,78448,6039,905,78449],"class_list":["post-1155387","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amerique-du-sud","category-contenu-original","category-culture-fr","category-peuples-autochtones","tag-bresil","tag-loretta-emiri-fr","tag-peuples-indigenes","tag-peuples-originaires","tag-yanomamis-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019esprit de l\u2019image<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dans la langue yanomami, qui est l\u2019une des six langues de la famille des langues yanomami, le mot \u00ab\u00a0utu\u00a0\u00bb signifie ombre, et aussi esprit. 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Durante i primi quattro anni e mezzo ha operato tra gli yanomami svolgendo assistenza sanitaria, ricerche linguistiche e un progetto chiamato Piano di Coscientizzazione, di cui l\u2019alfabetizzazione di adulti nella lingua materna faceva parte. In quell\u2019epoca ha prodotto saggi e lavori didattici, tra i quali Gram\u00e1tica pedag\u00f3gica da l\u00edngua y\u00e3nomam\u00e8 (Grammatica pedagogica della lingua y\u00e3nomam\u00e8), Dicion\u00e1rioY\u00e3nomam\u00e8-Portugu\u00eas (Dizionario Y\u00e3nomam\u00e8-Portoghese). Specializzatasi nella legislazione dell\u2019educazione scolastica indigena, ha organizzato e partecipato, in veste di docente, a incontri e corsi di formazione per maestri di varie etnie, contribuendo a far incorporare le loro rivendicazioni alla Costituzione. Ha curato l\u2019edizione di A conquista da escrita \u2013 Encontros de educa\u00e7\u00e3o ind\u00edgena (La conquista della scrittura \u2013 Incontri di educazione indigena), che documenta le prime esperienze scolastiche di quindici popoli indigeni. Ha fatto parte del Gruppo di Lavoro istituito dal Ministero dell\u2019Educazione per definire la politica nazionale per l\u2019Educazione Scolastica Indigena. Sua \u00e8 la redazione finale della proposta di creazione di una scuola specifica, differenziata e pubblica per la formazione dei maestri indigeni dello Stato di Roraima; approvata all\u2019unanimit\u00e0 nel novembre del 1993, \u00e8 divenuta la prima scuola del genere in Brasile. Nell\u2019adempimento dei ruoli ricoperti in organi pubblici o privati, ha sempre sostenuto le lotte per l\u2019autodeterminazione travate dal movimento indigeno organizzato brasiliano che, tra l\u2019altro, ha trasformato la \u201cscuola per gli indios\u201d in \u201cscuola indigena\u201d, pensata e amministrata da loro stessi e la cui finalit\u00e0 \u00e8 anche quella di affermare identit\u00e0 etniche e rivendicare diritti. Attraverso la rielaborazione esplicita e voluta dell\u2019esperienza fatta, sta dando continuit\u00e0 all\u2019esperienza stessa; tra le sue pi\u00f9 recenti pubblicazioni in lingua italiana troviamo Amazzonia portatile, Quando le amazzoni diventano nonne, Amazzone in tempo reale.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/author\/loretta-emiri\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"L\u2019esprit de l\u2019image","description":"Dans la langue yanomami, qui est l\u2019une des six langues de la famille des langues yanomami, le mot \u00ab\u00a0utu\u00a0\u00bb signifie ombre, et aussi esprit. 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Durante i primi quattro anni e mezzo ha operato tra gli yanomami svolgendo assistenza sanitaria, ricerche linguistiche e un progetto chiamato Piano di Coscientizzazione, di cui l\u2019alfabetizzazione di adulti nella lingua materna faceva parte. In quell\u2019epoca ha prodotto saggi e lavori didattici, tra i quali Gram\u00e1tica pedag\u00f3gica da l\u00edngua y\u00e3nomam\u00e8 (Grammatica pedagogica della lingua y\u00e3nomam\u00e8), Dicion\u00e1rioY\u00e3nomam\u00e8-Portugu\u00eas (Dizionario Y\u00e3nomam\u00e8-Portoghese). Specializzatasi nella legislazione dell\u2019educazione scolastica indigena, ha organizzato e partecipato, in veste di docente, a incontri e corsi di formazione per maestri di varie etnie, contribuendo a far incorporare le loro rivendicazioni alla Costituzione. Ha curato l\u2019edizione di A conquista da escrita \u2013 Encontros de educa\u00e7\u00e3o ind\u00edgena (La conquista della scrittura \u2013 Incontri di educazione indigena), che documenta le prime esperienze scolastiche di quindici popoli indigeni. Ha fatto parte del Gruppo di Lavoro istituito dal Ministero dell\u2019Educazione per definire la politica nazionale per l\u2019Educazione Scolastica Indigena. Sua \u00e8 la redazione finale della proposta di creazione di una scuola specifica, differenziata e pubblica per la formazione dei maestri indigeni dello Stato di Roraima; approvata all\u2019unanimit\u00e0 nel novembre del 1993, \u00e8 divenuta la prima scuola del genere in Brasile. Nell\u2019adempimento dei ruoli ricoperti in organi pubblici o privati, ha sempre sostenuto le lotte per l\u2019autodeterminazione travate dal movimento indigeno organizzato brasiliano che, tra l\u2019altro, ha trasformato la \u201cscuola per gli indios\u201d in \u201cscuola indigena\u201d, pensata e amministrata da loro stessi e la cui finalit\u00e0 \u00e8 anche quella di affermare identit\u00e0 etniche e rivendicare diritti. Attraverso la rielaborazione esplicita e voluta dell\u2019esperienza fatta, sta dando continuit\u00e0 all\u2019esperienza stessa; tra le sue pi\u00f9 recenti pubblicazioni in lingua italiana troviamo Amazzonia portatile, Quando le amazzoni diventano nonne, Amazzone in tempo reale.","url":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/author\/loretta-emiri\/"}]}},"place":"Italie","original_article_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1155387"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155387\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1155515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1155387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1155387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1155387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}