\n
L’apartheid a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 d\u00e8s 1948, cette politique qui devait pr\u00e9server les cultures de chaque ethnie visait surtout \u00e0 conserver la supr\u00e9matie des blancs.<\/p>\n
\u00c0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1950, le gouvernement ne cesse de multiplier les mesures de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation raciale dans tous les domaines : la fr\u00e9quentation des lieux publics, l\u2019emploi, les zones d\u2019habitations, la justice. Les blancs conservent tous les pouvoirs.<\/p>\n
En 1964, le Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019Onu condamne l\u2019apartheid, mais ce n\u2019est qu\u2019en 1991 que les lois s\u00e9gr\u00e9gationnistes seront officiellement abolies. En 1994, les toutes premi\u00e8res \u00e9lections multiraciales sont organis\u00e9es. Nelson Mandela devient le premier pr\u00e9sident noir du pays.<\/p>\n
Vingt ans apr\u00e8s, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sud-africaine avance sur la voie de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, m\u00eame si les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales existent toujours et que les noirs restent majoritairement pauvres.<\/p>\n
Retrouvez ci-dessous une chronologie des dates-cl\u00e9s de l\u2019histoire de l\u2019apartheid :<\/p>\n
1910<\/strong><\/p>\nLes quatre colonies du Cap, l’\u00c9tat libre d’Orange, Natal et Transvaal unissent leurs forces pour devenir l’Union sud-africaine. D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but, la population blanche, minoritaire, opprime la population noire. Un an plus tard, les premi\u00e8res lois pour assurer l’h\u00e9g\u00e9monie des Blancs sont adopt\u00e9es.<\/p>\n
1913<\/strong><\/p>\nLe gouvernement adopte le \u00ab Native’s Land Act \u00bb : d\u00e9sormais, les habitants noirs ne peuvent acqu\u00e9rir des terres que dans certaines r\u00e9gions d’Afrique du Sud.<\/p>\n
1923<\/strong><\/p>\nLe gouvernement interdit aux noirs de vivre en ville. Il faut un permis et une autorisation sp\u00e9ciale des autorit\u00e9s pour y vivre ou \u00eatre autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 y travailler.<\/p>\n
1948<\/strong><\/p>\nLe Parti national (NP) remporte les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives. Seuls les blancs \u00e9taient autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 y participer. Le NP restera au pouvoir jusqu’en 1994 et ne cessera d’\u00e9tendre le syst\u00e8me d’oppression. Le temps du \u00ab Grand Apartheid \u00bb commence. Dans les ann\u00e9es qui suivent, les noirs et les Sud-Africains d’origine indienne sont syst\u00e9matiquement victimes de discrimination dans tous les domaines de la vie publique.<\/p>\n
1950<\/strong><\/p>\nUne nouvelle loi est adopt\u00e9e : l’\u00c9tat classe les citoyens selon leur race \u00e0 partir de crit\u00e8res pseudo-scientifiques<\/p>\n
1960<\/strong><\/p>\nDans la localit\u00e9 de Sharpeville, la police tire sur des manifestants noirs qui protestent contre l’apartheid. Au moins 69 personnes sont tu\u00e9es. Le Congr\u00e8s national africain et d’autres groupes de r\u00e9sistance sont interdits. Nelson Mandela et d’autres chefs de l’ANC entament leur lutte arm\u00e9e contre le gouvernement.<\/p>\n
1963<\/strong><\/p>\nLa pression internationale se fait plus forte. Le conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l’Onu d\u00e9clare un embargo sur les armes. Un an plus tard, l’Afrique du Sud est exclue des Jeux Olympiques. Le pays est \u00e9galement exclu de l’Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies. Les ann\u00e9es suivantes, le pays est \u00e9galement vis\u00e9 par des sanctions \u00e9conomiques.<\/p>\n
1974<\/strong><\/p>\n\u00c0 Soweto, une banlieue de Johannesburg, des \u00e9l\u00e8ves noirs manifestent contre le projet du gouvernement de faire de l’Afrikaans la langue de l’enseignement. La police tire \u00e0 nouveau. Cons\u00e9quence : 600 morts.<\/p>\n
1985<\/strong><\/p>\nLes manifestations contre le r\u00e9gime de l’apartheid se multiplient, tout comme les affrontements dans les townships entre la police et les habitants. On d\u00e9plore de plus en plus de morts et de bless\u00e9s. Le gouvernement d\u00e9cr\u00e8te l’\u00e9tat d’urgence. Il restera en vigueur jusqu’en 1990. Les \u00c9tats qui demandent des sanctions contre le gouvernement blanc se font plus nombreux.<\/p>\n
1989<\/strong><\/p>\nF.W. de Klerk devient pr\u00e9sident. La communaut\u00e9 internationale assiste avec stupeur au d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement progressif du syst\u00e8me d’apartheid par un chef de l’\u00c9tat blanc. Les interdictions contre l’ANC et d’autres mouvements de r\u00e9sistance sont lev\u00e9es. Nelson Mandela est lib\u00e9r\u00e9 de prison. En 1991, l’ANC et le gouvernement entament des n\u00e9gociations sur le futur syst\u00e8me politique. Elles prennent fin en 1993.<\/p>\n
1994<\/strong><\/p>\nDes larmes de joie coulent dans tout le pays : pour la premi\u00e8re fois, des \u00e9lections libres et secr\u00e8tes ont lieu et tous les Sud-Africains peuvent y participer. De nombreux citoyens noirs se rendent pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans un bureau de vote. L’ANC gagne haut la main. Nelson Mandela devient chef de l’\u00c9tat. Les sanctions internationales sont lev\u00e9es.<\/p>\n
1997<\/strong><\/p>\nLa nouvelle constitution d\u00e9mocratique entre en vigueur. Elle donne les m\u00eames droits \u00e0 tous les citoyens du pays.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Cela fait 20 ans que l\u2019apartheid a \u00e9t\u00e9 aboli. Mais ce r\u00e9gime fond\u00e9 sur la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation raciale a marqu\u00e9 l\u2019histoire et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sud-africaine. Retour sur quarante ann\u00e9es de lutte anti-apartheid. L’apartheid a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 d\u00e8s 1948, cette politique qui…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":993,"featured_media":112250,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83,1247],"tags":[724,1002],"class_list":["post-112248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa-fr","category-diversite","tag-apartheid","tag-droits-humains"],"yoast_head":"\n
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