Zona Cr\u00edtica<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\nPresque tous les jours, on entend des nouvelles annon\u00e7ant la diminution des ressources publiques destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019action sociale, ou la privatisation des services publics tels que l\u2019assainissement, l\u2019\u00c9tat civil, la sant\u00e9, etc., \u00e0 cause des pressions que les march\u00e9s financiers exercent sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie espagnole.<\/p>\n
Ces march\u00e9s fant\u00f4mes impersonnels semblent s\u2019\u00eatre convertis en gouvernants supr\u00eames de la vie de millions de personnes et sont les premiers responsables des coupes sociales que les gouvernements op\u00e8rent depuis ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, et que nous les citoyens, subissons \u00e0 tous les niveaux.<\/p>\n
Sachant que les march\u00e9s jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la d\u00e9gradation des conditions sociales, cherchons une solution\u00a0: r\u00e9\u00e9duquons-les, reconfigurons-les afin qu\u2019ils deviennent, un outil permettant \u00e0 leurs activit\u00e9s de s\u2019orienter vers le bien-\u00eatre des personnes plut\u00f4t que de tourner le dos \u00e0 leurs besoins.<\/p>\n
Mais…. qui sont ces march\u00e9s\u00a0? En quoi consistent-ils\u00a0? Comment sont-ils apparus\u00a0? Qui tire les ficelles\u00a0? Comment se sont-ils convertis en ce monstre ingouvernable\u00a0?\u00a0\u00a0 Et surtout, comment pouvons-nous changer son fonctionnement\u00a0? Nous serons tous d\u2019accord pour dire que trouver des r\u00e9ponses unanimes \u00e0 ces questions dans ce bref article est impossible, mais au moins, ces lignes peuvent servir de point de d\u00e9part pour prendre conscience que nous-m\u00eames pouvons impulser un changement qui humanise les forces qui r\u00e9gissent ces march\u00e9s et avancer vers une \u00e9conomie juste.<\/p>\n
Pour comprendre la raison d\u2019\u00eatre des march\u00e9s, concentrons-nous sur une de leurs fonctions basiques, dans laquelle elle trouve ses origines\u00a0: celle de canaliser l\u2019\u00e9pargne. De mani\u00e8re simplifi\u00e9e, les march\u00e9s financiers se d\u00e9finissent comme un m\u00e9canisme permettant aux personnes ou aux projets ayant besoin d\u2019argent (demandeurs de financement) de l\u2019obtenir des personnes qui le d\u00e9tiennent (\u00e9pargnants) \u00e0 travers les produits que les institutions financi\u00e8res proposent. Au fil des ans, ce m\u00e9canisme si simple est devenu de plus en plus compliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 cause de la cr\u00e9ation de nouveaux produits financiers bas\u00e9s sur d\u2019autres produits financiers\u00a0; et qui est le r\u00e9sultat de l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie financi\u00e8re. Simultan\u00e9ment \u00e0 ce processus, on a incorpor\u00e9 aussi de nouvelles normes et de nouvelles institutions de surveillance et de r\u00e9gulation du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n
Puisque les produits ont augment\u00e9 en quantit\u00e9 et complexit\u00e9, les march\u00e9s financiers continuent \u00e0 canaliser l\u2019argent \u00e0 travers un processus dans lequel ils op\u00e8rent et par cons\u00e9quent dont ils sont plus ou moins responsables\u00a0: entit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res, entreprises de service d\u2019investissement, superviseurs, r\u00e9gulateurs, clients. Dans le r\u00f4le d\u2019entit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res, on parle beaucoup des entreprises de services d\u2019investissement, des superviseurs et des r\u00e9gulateurs, mais il ne faut pas oublier non plus que n\u2019importe lequel d\u2019entre nous en tant que client de produits d\u2019\u00e9pargne et d\u2019investissement, fait partie du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n
Que pouvons-nous faire concr\u00e8tement pour reconfigurer les march\u00e9s financiers\u00a0? La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape est la prise de conscience que l\u2019argent que chacun dispose sur un compte bancaire, ou sur n\u2019importe quel produit d\u2019investissement alimente ces march\u00e9s c\u2019est \u00e0 dire, qu\u2019en l\u2019assimilant dans un processus productif notre argent devient la \u00ab\u00a0mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb qui permet aux march\u00e9s financiers de cr\u00e9er ses produits (hypoth\u00e8ques, privil\u00e8ges, fonds d\u2019investissement, fonds de pension, etc.).<\/p>\n
Ensuite, nous devrions nous demander si nous voulons choisir \u00e0 quelle utilisation les march\u00e9s financiers destinent notre argent afin de pouvoir d\u00e9finir et leur communiquer les principes sur lesquels nous voulons op\u00e9rer avec eux. Malgr\u00e9 la difficult\u00e9 que cela repr\u00e9sente de communiquer nos priorit\u00e9s \u00e0 ces march\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0tout-puissants\u00a0\u00bb et impersonnels, il existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 des moyens d\u2019action.<\/p>\n
Une premi\u00e8re solution pour mettre au point le fonctionnement des march\u00e9s financiers vers une approche <\/b>plus <\/b>sociale <\/b>est <\/b>d\u2019adopter un autre mode de banque, la \u00ab\u00a0banque \u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb sur laquelle porte notre sujet de la semaine derni\u00e8re<\/a> de Zona Critica.<\/b><\/p>\nL\u2019autre alternative est l\u2019utilisation dans les produits d\u2019Investissement Socialement Responsable ou en abr\u00e9g\u00e9 ISR. Dans ce cas, il s\u2019agit de produits financiers g\u00e9r\u00e9s par n\u2019importe qu\u2019elle banque traditionnelle, mais qui en plus des crit\u00e8res financiers typiques, incluent dans leurs crit\u00e8res d\u2019investissement, les aspects sociaux environnementaux et de bons gouvernements. Il existe plusieurs fa\u00e7ons d\u2019incorporer ces aspects extra-financiers et elles ont toutes pour objectif que l\u2019argent se destine \u00e0 financer des entreprises et projets ayant le meilleur comportement.<\/p>\n
Cherchons de nouvelles solutions. Il faut avancer. En attendant, commen\u00e7ons \u00e0 utiliser celles qui existent d\u00e9j\u00e0.<\/p>\n
Eva Parte est membre d\u2019\u00c9conomiste Sans Fronti\u00e8res<\/i><\/p>\n
Cet article refl\u00e8te exclusivement l\u2019opinion de son auteur.<\/i><\/p>\n
Traduction de l’espagnol : Line<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Illustration de Gustavo Napoli Par Eva Pardo pour\u00a0Zona Cr\u00edtica Presque tous les jours, on entend des nouvelles annon\u00e7ant la diminution des ressources publiques destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019action sociale, ou la privatisation des services publics tels que l\u2019assainissement, l\u2019\u00c9tat civil, la sant\u00e9,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98,100,40,163],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-105656","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-droits-de-lhomme","category-economie","category-international-fr","category-opinion-fr"],"yoast_head":"\n
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<\/p>\n