{"id":1269125,"date":"2020-12-28T19:19:09","date_gmt":"2020-12-28T19:19:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/?p=1269125"},"modified":"2020-12-28T19:19:09","modified_gmt":"2020-12-28T19:19:09","slug":"el-mundo-despues","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pressenza.com\/es\/2020\/12\/el-mundo-despues\/","title":{"rendered":"El mundo despu\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"

por Fran\u00e7ois Soulard<\/p>\n

L<\/span>a <\/span>pandemia <\/span>de Covid19 <\/span>ha sido<\/span> un fant\u00e1stico <\/span>acto de confirmaci\u00f3n<\/span> de un mundo nuevo. <\/span>Un<\/span> mundo \u201cpost-americano\u201d, <\/span>fracturado, <\/span>con liderazgos <\/span>fallidos<\/span> y <\/span>dispersi\u00f3n de poder, <\/span>vuelto<\/span> m\u00e1s <\/span>tangible <\/span>desde hace una d\u00e9cada y <\/span>precipitado<\/span> durante<\/span> el <\/span>mandato del <\/span>presidente <\/span>estadounidense saliente<\/span>. <\/span>H<\/span>a dado<\/span> a <\/span>China y otros <\/span>pa\u00edses <\/span>la oportunidad de <\/span>precipita<\/span>rse<\/span> una vez m\u00e1s <\/span>en la<\/span>s<\/span> brecha<\/span>s <\/span>abiertas<\/span>,<\/span> posicion\u00e1ndose<\/span> en apariencia <\/span>como los rescatadores del multilateralismo <\/span>y de un orden <\/span>global<\/span> en falta de <\/span>impulso<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/span>l riesgo sanitario ya estaba<\/span> relativamente <\/span>anticipado<\/span>. <\/span>Desde h<\/span>ace quince a\u00f1os, <\/span>en particular desde el caso del <\/span>SARS<\/span> en 2002-2004, <\/span>l<\/span>os<\/span> observadores<\/span> ten\u00eda<\/span>n<\/span> el<\/span> escenario <\/span>pand\u00e9mico <\/span>en sus radares. <\/span>Pero n<\/span>ing<\/span>una<\/span> dirigen<\/span>cia<\/span> pol\u00edtic<\/span>a<\/span> lo quiso <\/span>considerar<\/span> como tal <\/span>y pudo impedir el <\/span>golp<\/span>azo<\/span> a la econom\u00eda mundial.<\/span> I<\/span>nclusive <\/span>la dirigencia c<\/span>hina, <\/span>conocedora<\/span> de <\/span>epidemias anteriores, <\/span>quien trat\u00f3 <\/span>de <\/span>censurar el brote inicial <\/span>de SARS-COV-2 <\/span><\/a>1<\/sup> <\/span>desde su inicio en <\/span>octubre<\/span> 2019<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

El efecto colateral de la pandemia es tambi\u00e9n de generar una <\/span>suerte de <\/span>\u201ctrampa\u201d perceptiva <\/span>que <\/span>tiende a <\/span>concentrar <\/span>la mirada sobre <\/span>el<\/span> \u201cmundo del despu\u00e9s\u201d <\/span>y <\/span>el esfuerzo<\/span> reconstrucci\u00f3<\/span>n. <\/span>Henry Kissinger <\/span>presagi\u00f3<\/span> que <\/span>la pandemia <\/span>iba a \u201c<\/span>modifica<\/span>r<\/span> para siempre <\/span>el orden mundial\u201d<\/a>2<\/sup>. Thomas Friedman <\/span>coment\u00f3<\/span>:<\/span> \u201c<\/span>d<\/span>e ahora en m\u00e1s, la historia del mundo est\u00e1 partida en dos, \u00e9<\/span>l<\/span> de antes y \u00e9<\/span>l<\/span> del despu\u00e9s<\/span>\u201d<\/a>3<\/sup><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Emir Sader resalt\u00f3 que \u201cl<\/span>a crisis actual en la econom\u00eda internacional, iniciada en 2008 en el centro del sistema capitalista, no tiene plazo para terminar<\/a>4<\/sup>\u201d. <\/span>Otros <\/span>internacionalistas, <\/span>como Richard Hass <\/span>o<\/span> Ian Goldin, <\/span>con quien<\/span>es<\/span> nos sentimos en sinton\u00eda en est<\/span>a<\/span> nota<\/span>, <\/span>recuerdan que todas las crisis sanitarias no <\/span>generan <\/span>necesariamente <\/span>rupturas <\/span>y que van acentua<\/span>ndo<\/span> evoluciones en marcha. <\/span>En Am\u00e9rica Latina, <\/span>la CEPAL<\/span> acaba de recordar<\/span> que la regi\u00f3n <\/span>es<\/span>t\u00e1<\/span> entre <\/span>la<\/span>s<\/span> m\u00e1s <\/span>afectada<\/span>s<\/span> en los <\/span>pa\u00edses <\/span>en desarrollo, <\/span>acentuando<\/span> una trayectoria de bajo crecimiento <\/span>marcad<\/span>o<\/span> desde <\/span>el a\u00f1o <\/span>2014<\/a>5<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

En efecto, e<\/span>l<\/span> mundo de ma\u00f1ana<\/span> se encuentra<\/span> muy <\/span>lejos de <\/span>entrar<\/span> tan <\/span>en <\/span>ruptura co<\/span>n <\/span>el pasado<\/span>. <\/span>Al contrario<\/span>, <\/span>amplifica<\/span> los <\/span>rasgos <\/span>m\u00e1s preocupantes <\/span>de<\/span>l <\/span>mundo <\/span>anterior, <\/span>presagiando <\/span>un mundo <\/span>a la vez <\/span>menos pr\u00f3spero, <\/span>menos abierto <\/span>y <\/span>menos libre<\/span>. <\/span>Esta <\/span>exacerbaci\u00f3n de l<\/span>o<\/span> preexistente, <\/span>fomentado por la <\/span>COVID<\/span>-19,<\/span> es un <\/span>elemento<\/span> central <\/span>que<\/span> nos <\/span>obliga a <\/span>adaptar un punto de vista m\u00e1s <\/span>pragm\u00e1tico y <\/span>realista<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Por un lado, <\/span>se ha iniciado <\/span>una <\/span>mayor <\/span>reconsideraci\u00f3n de las ventajas de las cadenas <\/span>transnacional<\/span>izadas<\/span>. <\/span>Lejos de dar la espalda<\/span> a <\/span>la globalizaci\u00f3n, <\/span>l<\/span>os Estados <\/span>van <\/span>revaluando<\/span> la disponibilidad de sus <\/span>insumos cr\u00edticos (sanitarios y otros) para diversificar las fuentes <\/span>de producci\u00f3n<\/span>. <\/span>El arraigo chino de la <\/span>mayor\u00eda<\/span> de las cadenas de producci\u00f3n ya era problem\u00e1tico debido a la al<\/span>z<\/span>a del <\/span>costo de mano de obra<\/span> en China <\/span>y de la <\/span>disputa <\/span>econ\u00f3mica con los Estados Unidos<\/span>. <\/span>La pandemia transform\u00f3 <\/span>esta<\/span> dependencia en peligro, <\/span>acentuando<\/span> un movimiento de correcci\u00f3n de la globalizaci\u00f3n <\/span>hacia la relocalizaci\u00f3n <\/span>diferenciada<\/span> y <\/span>la territorializaci\u00f3n<\/span> de ciertas cadenas <\/span>productivas<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Por otra parte, el salvataje del riesgo <\/span>econ\u00f3mico<\/span> ha sido ampliamente respaldado por <\/span>la potencia p\u00fablica, <\/span>al igual que <\/span>durante la crisis de <\/span>2008. <\/span>Agudiz\u00f3 <\/span>la hegemon\u00eda<\/span> financi<\/span>era<\/span><\/a>6<\/sup><\/span>. <\/span>L<\/span>as<\/span> corporaciones<\/span> del sector digital, <\/span>ahora <\/span>en <\/span>primer<\/span>a <\/span>posici\u00f3n<\/span> en la capitalizaci\u00f3n burs\u00e1til, ilustran el <\/span>triunf<\/span>alismo<\/span> del hipercapitalismo tecnol\u00f3gico y financiero<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

No quita que l<\/span>a<\/span> reafirmaci\u00f3n <\/span>pol\u00edtica <\/span>de los Estados <\/span>acompa\u00f1a este movimiento. <\/span>Sacudidos y superados por la situaci\u00f3n, <\/span>no quita que h<\/span>an vuelto como la <\/span>potencia <\/span>esencial de <\/span>protec<\/span>ci\u00f3n<\/span> de <\/span>sus <\/span>ciudadanos, <\/span>respondie<\/span>ndo<\/span> de modo in\u00e9dito <\/span>\u2013 salvo excepciones – <\/span>e<\/span> incluyendo<\/span> medidas<\/span> compensatorias <\/span>de los da\u00f1os. <\/span>Algunos <\/span>no han dudado en atribuirse <\/span>poderes excepcionales <\/span>para restringir <\/span>l<\/span>a movilidad, <\/span>expandir <\/span>la vigilancia, el rastreo y la censura<\/span>. <\/span>Volver al nivel de <\/span>libertades anteriores <\/span>no ser\u00e1 <\/span>tarea <\/span>f\u00e1cil <\/span>en la medida en que <\/span>se reforz\u00f3 <\/span>el poder estatal <\/span>a corto y <\/span>mediano plazo.<\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/span>ste fortalecimiento <\/span>se realiz\u00f3 a costas de la <\/span>democratizaci\u00f3n <\/span>y de la <\/span>apertura <\/span>hacia afuera<\/span>. <\/span>L<\/span>os <\/span>Estados <\/span>autoritarios han aprovechado <\/span>la situaci\u00f3n <\/span>para endurecer su r\u00e9gimen. <\/span>Pero tambi\u00e9n <\/span>las democracias liberales <\/span>se han mostrado d\u00e9biles <\/span>para prevenir la crisis <\/span>y<\/span> r<\/span>ecurri<\/span>eron<\/span> a medidas <\/span>liberticidas, <\/span>al mismo tiempo que <\/span>dejaron de <\/span>prestar atenci\u00f3n <\/span>a la <\/span>solidaridad <\/span>multilateral y <\/span>el cumplimiento de los est\u00e1ndares de derechos. <\/span>Han crecido las reacciones nacionalistas, <\/span>anti-migratorias, <\/span>extendiendo el movimiento de <\/span>remarcaci\u00f3n<\/span> de las fronteras marcado desde hace dos d\u00e9cadas <\/span>por el surgimiento de un nuevo tipo de terrorismo internacional<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

En los hechos, <\/span>el ex-presidente Donal <\/span>Trump no perdi\u00f3 <\/span>su popularidad <\/span>principalmente debido <\/span>a la crisis <\/span>sanitaria<\/span>. <\/span>Al i<\/span>gual que <\/span>Jair <\/span>Bolsonaro <\/span>en Brasil<\/span>, <\/span>ambos <\/span>habiendo demostrado <\/span>un p\u00e9simo liderazgo <\/span>para manejar la <\/span>pandemia<\/span>. <\/span>La popularidad de Modi en <\/span>India<\/span> bate <\/span>r\u00e9cords,<\/span> a<\/span>l igual que Netanya<\/span>hou<\/span> en Israel. <\/span>Pese a la necesidad de respuestas efectivas y racionales, l<\/span>a crisis ha sido un<\/span>a<\/span> incubadora<\/span> de credulidad<\/span>es<\/span> y de fracturas sociales <\/span>que <\/span>tienden a<\/span> fomenta<\/span>r<\/span> fuerzas reaccionarias<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con semejantes brotes de nacionalismo,<\/span> no asoma <\/span>tanto <\/span>que el <\/span>multilateralismo <\/span>haya desempe\u00f1ado un <\/span>papel <\/span>tan <\/span>p\u00e1lido. <\/span>T<\/span>ard\u00f3 hasta abril <\/span>2019 para organizar un primer Consejo de seguridad, <\/span>que <\/span>adem\u00e1s <\/span>no dio <\/span>resultado<\/span>s concretos<\/span>. <\/span>Las principales medidas sanitarias fueron ante todo <\/span>desarrolladas a nivel <\/span>nacional e infranacional. <\/span>La OMS fue <\/span>plagada<\/span> de pol\u00e9mica<\/span>s<\/span> en torno a su rol de alerta <\/span>perturbado por <\/span>la influencia china<\/a>7<\/sup>. <\/span>Ya en retirada de varias instancias multilaterales, l<\/span>os Estados Unidos <\/span>ratificaron su salida <\/span>de la OMS, <\/span>del Pacto mundial sobre las migraciones, <\/span>del Acuerdo de Par\u00eds sobre el clima, <\/span>de la UNESCO, del acuerdo de Viena sobre el nuclear iran\u00ed. <\/span>E<\/span>l G7 <\/span>y<\/span> el G20, <\/span>el cual<\/span> tuvo <\/span>un papel <\/span>destacado <\/span>en <\/span>la crisis financiera de 2008, <\/span>fueron <\/span>testimoniales<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Frente a un <\/span>Donald <\/span>Trump claramente anti-multilateral <\/span>y hostil con sus propios aliados<\/span>, <\/span>Rusia y China <\/span>no dudaron<\/span> en <\/span>seguir <\/span>desgasta<\/span>ndo<\/span> un<\/span> orden liberal <\/span>percibido <\/span>como un<\/span>a herramienta<\/span> ante todo <\/span>occidental. <\/span>Su<\/span> obstruccionismo<\/span> en <\/span>varios <\/span>temas del Consejo de seguridad <\/span>se sum\u00f3 al desgaste <\/span>multilateral <\/span>generalizado. <\/span>Ambas desarrollaron operaciones de influencia, <\/span>bajo ropaje<\/span> de cooperaci\u00f3n <\/span>sanitaria<\/span>, en torno <\/span>por ejemplo <\/span>a la entrega de insumos<\/span> m\u00e9dicos <\/span>a Italia y Espa\u00f1a<\/span>.<\/span> M\u00e1s ampliamente, l<\/span>as ofensivas chinas de Ruta de la Seda, la<\/span>s<\/span> redes <\/span>5G <\/span>y <\/span>su<\/span> pol\u00edtica de inversi\u00f3n <\/span>apuntan<\/span> a <\/span>dividir <\/span>a <\/span>Europa no solo desde el interior sino tambi\u00e9n en su relaci\u00f3n con los Estados Unidos. <\/span>Estas <\/span>rivalidades geopol\u00edticas y <\/span>b\u00e1sicamente <\/span>la <\/span>escasez <\/span>de voluntades <\/span>para construir otro referencial de cooperaci\u00f3n <\/span>hace<\/span>n<\/span> presagia<\/span>r<\/span> que <\/span>el choque sanitario <\/span>no <\/span>desat<\/span>ar\u00e1<\/span> mayores niveles de cooperaci\u00f3n <\/span>ni resoluci\u00f3n de problemas transnacionales. <\/span><\/p>\n

Este <\/span>mismo <\/span>debilitamiento <\/span>multilateral <\/span>atraviesa <\/span>la Uni\u00f3n Europea, <\/span>como muchas veces <\/span>dividida <\/span>y <\/span>torpe <\/span>a la hora de <\/span>reaccionar<\/span>, <\/span>pese a <\/span>haber ratificado <\/span>un plan de recuperaci\u00f3n <\/span>de <\/span>una<\/span> magnitud<\/span> de<\/span> 750 mil millones de euro<\/span>s<\/span>. <\/span>Su<\/span> soberbia <\/span>inicial, visible en la postura<\/span> de sentirse <\/span>fuera del alcance de la pandemia <\/span>y <\/span>calificando el brote <\/span>viral <\/span>como el<\/span> nuevo <\/span>\u201cTchernobyl chino\u201d, <\/span>ha <\/span>abonado <\/span>sus <\/span>debilidades<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

El fen\u00f3meno –<\/span>quiz\u00e1s <\/span>el<\/span> m\u00e1s <\/span>organizador- <\/span>resaltado <\/span>por <\/span>la tormenta sanitaria es <\/span>la <\/span>bi<\/span>polari<\/span>dad creciente entre China y Estados Unidos<\/span>. <\/span>Cabe <\/span>recordar<\/span> que e<\/span>l crecimiento continuo de China en todos los planos de poder es <\/span>el factor principal <\/span>de evoluci\u00f3n del tablero <\/span>internacional en los \u00faltimos <\/span>treinta a\u00f1os. <\/span>La pandemia la <\/span>consagr\u00f3<\/span>. <\/span>Junto<\/span> con los Estados Unidos, <\/span>ambas potencias se <\/span>distanci<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span> de<\/span>l conjunto de los dem\u00e1s pa\u00edses <\/span>que <\/span>est\u00e1n m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s obligados a <\/span>posicionarse <\/span>frente a <\/span>este<\/span> nuevo <\/span>duopolio. <\/span>Este r\u00e9gimen<\/span> bipolar <\/span>incipiente <\/span>forma <\/span>un equilibrio de nuevo tipo, <\/span>no totaliza<\/span>nte <\/span>a\u00a0 diferencia de la Guerra <\/span>f<\/span>r\u00eda.<\/span> No impide que o<\/span>tras potencias regionales <\/span>pued<\/span>an<\/span> emerge<\/span>r<\/span>, <\/span>en particular <\/span>Rusia, Ir\u00e1n <\/span>y <\/span>Turqu\u00eda, <\/span>particularmente <\/span>\u00e1<\/span>giles <\/span>para <\/span>sortear <\/span>conflictos irregulares<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

De alg\u00fan modo, l<\/span>a pandemia es <\/span>producto<\/span> de est<\/span>e clima<\/span> de <\/span>interdependencia <\/span>bipolar<\/span>. <\/span>Salido de Wuhan, s<\/span>e <\/span>volvi\u00f3 pandemia <\/span>global <\/span>al <\/span>aprovechar<\/span> las <\/span>vulnerabilidades <\/span>agudizadas <\/span>por <\/span>la <\/span>competici\u00f3n <\/span>vigente. <\/span>China <\/span>intent\u00f3<\/span> todo para <\/span>ocultar, <\/span>externa e internamente, <\/span>su<\/span> incapacidad <\/span>para<\/span> manejar <\/span>el <\/span>brote <\/span>inicial <\/span>de<\/span> coronavirus. <\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00edmbolo<\/span> de<\/span> la era post-americana<\/span>, los <\/span>Estados Unidos <\/span>han sido duramente golpeados por la pandemia. No quita que <\/span>su <\/span>potencia <\/span>here<\/span>dada<\/span> del periodo unipolar <\/span>los coloca <\/span>todav\u00eda <\/span>en una situaci\u00f3n <\/span>de domina<\/span>ci\u00f3n<\/span> para <\/span>vari<\/span>as d\u00e9cadas<\/a>8<\/sup><\/span>. <\/span>Los grandes equilibrios estrat\u00e9gicos no se han modificado. <\/span>Su primac\u00eda en el sector tecnol\u00f3gico <\/span>se hizo <\/span>m\u00e1s <\/span>visible con el desacople <\/span>de la industria<\/span>s<\/span> de semiconductores<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

E<\/span>n ciertas latitudes, <\/span>China parece <\/span>haberse <\/span>instal<\/span>ado<\/span> como la ganadora de<\/span>l <\/span>desaf\u00edo<\/span> sanitario. <\/span>Mantuvo <\/span>una diplomacia <\/span>particularmente <\/span>activa, <\/span>en <\/span>clara <\/span>ruptura<\/span> con la tonalidad moderada <\/span>anterior<\/span>. <\/span>Sigui\u00f3 <\/span>ocupando<\/span> los espacios vacantes. <\/span>El impulso al <\/span>nuevo <\/span>acuerdo <\/span>regional <\/span>Comprehensive Economic Partnership <\/i><\/span>(<\/span>RCEP<\/span>), <\/span>cuya negociaci\u00f3n se inici\u00f3 <\/span>desde<\/span> 2008,<\/span> ha marcado un hito en esta agenda. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pero <\/span>el relato <\/span>muy <\/span>triunfalista <\/span>destilado por <\/span>Pek\u00edn <\/span>denota<\/span> tambi\u00e9n <\/span>un <\/span>cuadro<\/span> de debilitamiento<\/span>. <\/span>La disimulaci\u00f3n <\/span>del brote inicial en Wuhan <\/span>en noviembre 2019<\/span>, acompa\u00f1ado por la <\/span>represi\u00f3n de los m\u00e9dicos y periodistas, <\/span>la falsificaci\u00f3n de informes y <\/span>de la cantidad de <\/span>v\u00edctimas, <\/span>ha <\/span>escapado a<\/span> la vasta campa\u00f1a de <\/span>propaganda<\/span><\/a>9<\/sup> <\/span>del gobierno chino<\/span>. <\/span>Varios estudios resaltan <\/span>que la imagen actual <\/span>de China <\/span>es la m\u00e1s baja desde el episodio <\/span>pol\u00edtico <\/span>de Tiana<\/span>n<\/span>men en 1989<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Distintas<\/span> voces, como por ejemplo la d<\/span>el Instituto chino de rela<\/span>c<\/span>iones internacionales <\/span>contempor\u00e1neas<\/span> (CICIR), <\/span>manifesta<\/span>ron<\/span> u<\/span>na <\/span>tendencia <\/span>a una <\/span>mayor reticencia respecto <\/span>al proyecto de Ruta de la Seda <\/span>y la <\/span>injerencia<\/span> china en los asuntos internos <\/span>de otros pa\u00edses<\/span>. <\/span>La relativa desinizaci\u00f3n <\/span>en marcha <\/span>ha sido ratificada por el mismo presidente Xi Jin<\/span>p<\/span>ing quien <\/span>confirm\u00f3 <\/span>la importancia de la autonom\u00eda china <\/span>y <\/span>de <\/span>su <\/span>mercado <\/span>interno<\/span>. <\/span>La pandemia empuj\u00f3 a <\/span>Pek\u00edn <\/span>a<\/span> poner en <\/span>competici\u00f3n <\/span>los <\/span>modelos en pugna, afirmando la superio<\/span>ri<\/span>dad del \u201csocialismo a la china\u201d por sobre las democracias liberales, <\/span>mientras <\/span>l<\/span>os verdaderos ganadores de la crisis <\/span>sanitaria <\/span>en Asia han sido <\/span>Singapur, <\/span>Vietnam, <\/span>Corea del Sur y sobre todo <\/span>Ta<\/span>i<\/span>wan. <\/span>Est<\/span>e<\/span> \u00faltim<\/span>o<\/span> gan\u00f3 la batalla percep<\/span>tiva<\/span> sobre <\/span>la<\/span> eficacia de<\/span>l<\/span> manejo<\/span> de la crisis<\/a>10<\/sup><\/span>. <\/span>La<\/span> ofensiva <\/span>china <\/span>sobre Hong Kong y la represi\u00f3n de los Uigures en China ha contribuido a <\/span>marcar <\/span>distancias<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

En el plano econ\u00f3mico, <\/span>la capacidad de pr\u00e9stamo <\/span>de China <\/span>alrededor de la infraestructura de la <\/span>R<\/span>uta de la Seda ha sido <\/span>disminuida<\/span>. <\/span>Si bien el crecimiento ha retomado <\/span>en los \u00faltimos meses<\/span>, l<\/span>a deuda interna <\/span>alcanza <\/span>310% del PBI, <\/span>con mayor <\/span>demanda<\/span> de empleo<\/span>. <\/span>El<\/span> primer ministro chino <\/span>record\u00f3 <\/span>en mayo 2020 <\/span>la <\/span>asignatura<\/span> pendiente de <\/span>que 600 millones de chinos <\/span>siguen <\/span>viviendo <\/span>con menos de 1000 yuans <\/span>mensuales <\/span>(<\/span>menos de 5<\/span> d\u00f3lares <\/span>diarios<\/span>)<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

A fin de cuentas, m<\/span>uy p<\/span>oc<\/span>os relatos triunfalistas<\/span> han <\/span>podido resistir <\/span>a una realidad tan perturbadora<\/span>. <\/span>Mientras<\/span> se <\/span>requiere <\/span>un mayor <\/span>abordaje de los temas transnacionales, l<\/span>a tendencia <\/span>actual <\/span>a <\/span>la rivalidad bipolar <\/span>impulsa una din\u00e1mica reversa<\/span>. <\/span>E<\/span>ra<\/span> tambi\u00e9n una se\u00f1al <\/span>visible<\/span> antes del <\/span>a\u00f1o 2020 <\/span>que l<\/span>a pandemia <\/span>ratific\u00f3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Varias <\/span>se\u00f1ales positivas est\u00e1n del lado de los movimientos <\/span>sociales <\/span>que no dejaron de movilizarse desde 2019. <\/span>Existe <\/span>un af\u00e1n de justicia social que se acopla ahora un poco m\u00e1s con <\/span>la dimensi\u00f3n ecol\u00f3g<\/span>i<\/span>ca <\/span>desatada por la pandemia<\/span>. <\/span>El mundo del despu\u00e9s, <\/span>que se convirti\u00f3 en ahora, es <\/span>m\u00e1s precario y disperso. <\/span>T<\/span>endr\u00e1<\/span> nuevamente <\/span>otras <\/span>crisis y <\/span>deficiencias<\/span> en la<\/span>s<\/span> cual<\/span>es<\/span> los pueblos <\/span>tendr\u00e1n <\/span>un <\/span>rol<\/span> central para jugar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>1How China censored the coronavirus<\/i>, New York Times https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/19\/technology\/china-coronavirus-censorship.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>2H. Kissinger, \u00ab The Coronavirus pandemic will forever alter the world order \u00bb<\/i>, https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005<\/a>, 3 avril 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>3T. Friedman, \u00ab Our New Historical Divide: B.C. and A.C. – the World Before Corona and the World After \u00bb<\/i>, New York Times, 17 mars 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>4Consultado en https:\/\/rpdnoticias.com\/la-crisis-que-vino-para-quedarse-por-emir-sader\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>5CEPAL (2020), Balance preliminar de las econom\u00edas de Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe<\/i>, https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/sites\/default\/files\/presentation\/files\/final_final_balance_preliminar.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>6Le triomphe de l’hyper-capitalisme financier<\/i>, Xerfi https:\/\/www.xerficanal.com\/economie\/emission\/Olivier-Passet-Le-triomphe-de-l-hyper-capitalisme-financier_3749041.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>7China and the WHO’s chief: Hold them both accountable for pandemic<\/i>, The Hill https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/international\/487851-china-and-the-whos-chief-hold-them-both-accountable-for-pandemic?amp<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>8Beckley M., Unrivaled<\/i>, 2018.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>9Vilmer J.B.J,<\/span> <\/i>Il n\u2019y aura pas de monde d\u2019apr\u00e8s<\/i>. http:\/\/jbjv.com\/IMG\/pdf\/JBJV_2020_-_Il_n_y_aura_pas_de_monde_d_apres.pdf<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>10C. Haquet et C. Pluyette, Coronavirus : Ta\u00efwan a gagn\u00e9 la bataille de l\u2019image contre P\u00e9kin<\/i>, https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/actualite\/monde\/asie\/coronavirus-taiwan-a-gagne-la-bataille-de-l-image-contre-pekin_2125264.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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